It's hard to tell for sure — in part because of a lack of controlled, single-variable experiments; in part because the NRA-influenced Congress has hobbled statistical gathering of data that might be embarrassing.
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How to reduce the toll from US gun violence – opinion – 20 December 2012 – New Scientist
In the wake of last week’s massacre at a school in Connecticut, it is time to look to the data for what works in reducing gun violence, says Peter Aldhous
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I don't think science will answer this question. The NRA-backed Republicans have blocked CDC and other investigations.