Princes of the Apocalypse, Session 9: “Castles in the Air”

Wherein the party does NOT take over Feathergale Spire, much to the concern of the DM

This is part of a series about my DMing Princes of the Apocalypse, a D&D 5e adventure by and copyright Wizards of the Coast.

Table of Contents. The Party.

There will be SPOILERS. If you are playing in a PotA game, please don’t read this. If you are DMing a PotA game, or are a DM who wants to see what the ride was like … read on!

GM Recap

Session 9 (Day 15-17)

Moony scouted out some of the as-yet-unrevealed portions of Feathergale Spire (3), Nala contemplated the hungry ferocity of the Initiates, William camped out on the roof, and Faith had a dream.
The heroes were invited in the morning to a rooftop assembly where, under heavy Knight presence, Thurl asked them to investigate the possibly-evil, possibly-Black Earth monks of the Sacred Stone Monastery, far into the hills.
Choosing not to fight over it, the heroes traveled east to the Dessarin River and Rivergard Keep to gain transit up to the monastery. Along the way they were attacked by a trio of Ankheg (eek!).
They camped out overnight, short of their target, to regain spells and HP and so forth. DING! Level 4!
They arrived at Rivergard Keep. They were met at the heavily guarded gates by an officer named Holger, and were escorted into the presence of the apparent lord of the castle, Jolliver Grimjaw, who did not seem pleased to meet them.

Player Recap

After Savra leaves Moony and Nala, Moony quietly slips out and goes to the other room. Moony “Are any of you joiners?” He explains Savra’s offer and wonders if information might be gained by pretending to join. At Moony’s prompting, Faith provides extensive background on the elemental practices and realms. After some discussion, Moony returns to his room to share the knowledge with Nala.

A bit later William leaves the South room and walks up to the roof. There are a couple knights and their vultures on guard, looking out at the fog filled valley.

Nala is thinking over the dinner and remembers that there was something odd about the initiates. She realizes that the initiates only spoke when spoken to. There is a sameness about them, they move in a similar fashion and when at rest there hand steeple in a triangle pointing down. They are also hungry, lean but not emaciated.

Conceptual art for a Feathergale Knight … which is kind of all you get.

Moony gather up some tools and heads down to the entry hall. The initiate in the main hall does not pay attention to Moony, muttering to himself swaying slightly. Quietly opening the door off of the staircase, Moony finds a bunk room with 4 sleepers in the bunks. He moves onto the room off of the entryway; it is well lit with several initiates standing at windows looking out at the entrance. He steps back and quietly closes the door unnoticed. The final unexplored floor draws the curious cat. There are four doors on this level, all of them with raised bars on the outside. At the first door, he hears some chanting or praying on the other side. No noise comes from the second door, but it is well sealed. Through the third door, Moony hears sobbing; likely this is Savra’s room.

As he descends back to the main floor, the initiate is still standing at the window. He overhears the words free.. free.. Moving to a better spot to see, Moony observes that the initiate, while doing something on his chest, is chanting, “Free me, I must be free, I will be free, I am free”.

Another bad dream for Faith – Looking from a very great height, feeling weightless as you slowly circle the landscape, a narrow valley in the hills, a river winding through it … your eye catches on something below … your vision is narrowing, as though you were suddenly dropping, dropping, the screaming of the wind in your ears, sight fading to blackness but the screaming, the howling continues, like cries of wild beast, the angry shouts of the mad, echoing from the walls about you, screaming to be released to rend and slay and … Savra knocking on the door. Savra asks the group to join Thurl on the pinnacle. Faith explains that she needs 15 minutes to pray first, but will join them shortly. Faith asks Theren to look for William to let him know. Savra then goes and wakes Nala and Moony. They get ready and wait for Faith to finish her prayers before heading up together.

Theren arrives at the top of the stairs and William wakes up. There is the sound of a lot of bird flapping. In addition to the two guards, there are four mounted knights. Thurl is on the opposite side of the tower. He invites us over to him. The knights and Savra are not looking as friendly as they were last night. Savra appears to be angry at our turning down the offer of joining the knights. The others knights are giving her side-long looks and appear to side with her.

Thurl greets us and again toasts our victory. He says that we would make good knights, but … You are brave and honorable people. You would have made fine Feathergale Knights, if circumstances were different. But your lives’ paths, your station … and your narrow vision, all weigh in the balance. I have a proposal for you. To the east and into the hills lies the so-called Sacred Stone Monastery. Those reclusive monks harbor, I believe, great evil, perhaps even association with the Cult of the Black Earth — their very name reeks of their bound and stifled souls. Go there. See what you find. If there is evil, dash it upon the very stones they claim for their symbol, and mark yourselves champions for liberty . Do this for me, and I will know you are no threat to the freedom of my people, or the empowering of each individual in the realm. Do this for me, and you will be greatly rewarded.

Nala asks more about what Thurl is asking us to do. William senses that the party is a weapon being pointed at a target. He is more interested in the fate of the target than the party’s welfare. Thurl offers some rations for the trip. They go with Savra to collect the rations and head out. Thurl sees them to the gate and wishes them well.

The journey towards the river is quiet at first. The party discussed their impressions of strangeness about the tower.

Shortly past the Shallow Graves, walking through the grasslands the party feels another tremor hit. This is different from the tremors they have been feeling lately. The earth upslope is breaking apart and starting to roll down hill. Abruptly, a giant insect erupts from the ground. Its long antenna twitching, hook-like limbs clawing out the dirt. The first Ankheg moves to attack as a second and third Ankheg emerge from the ground. Spells and arrows fly, weapons ring out, acid spews, but the fate of the Ankheg is set as one by one they go down. (The GM weeps as the final Ankheg misses his cool bite attack).

The party moves on and as it is getting dark they choose to camp for the night rather than press on toward the keep. Refreshed and unmolested overnight the group awakes. They feel stronger and more competent. After wondering at their own changes, they notice a wolf curled up on William’s bedroll.

Shortly after breaking breakfast they arrive at the gates of Riverguard Keep. They are questioned rather rudely by the guard. William explains that they merely want to go up-river and if they want proof of their good deeds, he can walk out and see the three giant insects that they killed last night. Faith offers to feed any in need and is snubbed. Moony takes over the conversation, reiterating that the group wants to catch a boat heading north. Eventually they pass into the castle yard and follow the guard to the great hall of the keep.

A large gentleman stands up from behind a table cluttered with papers and says “Who the devil are you?”

Game Notes

Sooner or later, the party is intended to defeat the Feathergale Knights.

This party declined, for the moment. Courteously.

Which pulled me up short. I’d thought the confrontation on the spire-top was the moment that bloodletting would occur — the FKs were scary, but not that scary — but the party sort of knuckled forehead and told Thurl they’d be happy to go check out Sacred Stone Monastery.

I didn’t want to just start a melee from the FKs’ side — it made no sense as set up (especially as Thurl really was pointing them as a gun toward the Black Earth cult), and would feel very railroady.

Okay, fine … but … what about Milestone Leveling?

They hadn’t really taken down Feathergale Spire … though they had engaged with it a lot and learned from it. But Rivergard Keep was optimized for Level 4. I didn’t want the party wiped out (in my own way I was as paranoid about a TPK as the players), and I suspected it was a location that would not be easily escaped from if they got into a fight. (An interesting concern, given what happened the next session.)

So … I let them ding up to 4th Level. I’m still not sure if that was a mistake or not, but it wasn’t the last I made, certainly.

Bits and Bobs

All the cults have hand gestures that are used to signal who they are and, outside their strongholds, maybe signal others of their kind. These gestures (which sort of echo the cult symbols) are sometimes labeled in the Campaign As Written (CAW) as a way to prove bona fides when going into someplace secure.

But the number of opportunities to point out someone is doing something with their hands, without really lampshading it, are pretty limited. I tried, but it wasn’t something the party ever picked up on.

The creepy initiate at the window muttering about wanting to be free was, by the bye, doing more scarifying. But his back was turned, so Moony couldn’t see it.

I have no idea what Faith was dreaming about. A Manticore? Could be.

Poor Savra. She’s cut herself off from home, but still misses it. She wants to be Thurl’s indispensable lieutenant, but he just uses her. She meets some cool new people who seem to want to be friends, and then they turn down her offer to join her exclusive club. No wonder she’s crying during Moony’s search of the tower.

Faith’s player had her studiously praying every morning. Just a bit of character color … that I was able to do a very creepy thing with down the line …

Hey, we got a hit on the Random Encounter Table for this level, and, hey, it was Ankhegs. Coolness! Even if they got taken down far faster than I expected (a common theme through the entire campaign).

The entrance into Rivergard Keep was much less friendly than that into Feathergale Spire, and the wrap-up on their being presented to Jolliver and having him snap out, “Who the devil are you?” was fun. I had no idea what the party was going to do the next time, but I suspected they’d be coming to blows with the pirate lord of Rivergard Keep.

The Landing Page

It was around this time that I started crafting a Roll20 landing page for the campaign — a map where all the players would land when they signed in each game before I shifted attention to the actual campaign map. I mean, sure, you can have the “campaign book cover” landing page as provided in Roll20, but it’s a scosh busy and also a snapshot from a moment of time in the campaign.

What I had evolved over time, but its elements included:

The campaign name
A cute campaign logo
The session number and day number of the session
The phase of the moon (which the druid asked for at one point)
A tableau of the player character tokens
A tableau (where it could be done without spoilers) of tokens of figures they were likely to (re)meet the next session
A tableau of tokens of prominent enemies they had encountered, with a note as to their status.
A list of outstanding questions (i.e., clues I had dropped, things they had thought might need more investigation, etc.), as a reminder of what they had been focused on last time (or what I wanted them to focus on this time). Some of it was sometimes a bit tongue in cheek. This list also showed up in the campaign page in Roll20.
A map of the Dessarin Valley, showing where they were (eventually maps of the dungeons they were in, with unexplored areas masked, showing where they were), as a reminder.
Once they got into the Temples and Nodes, a “band tour” listing of the places they had explored.

I eventually set up an amusing (to me, at least) layout as if this was all being done as a Quinn Martin production series intro:.

ELEMENTARY … a Hill-Consortium Production … Starring … [player character tokens] … with Guest Stars … [various likely folk they would encounter, no spoilers] … Special Guest Star … [usually the main baddie I expected them to face, no spoilers]. Tonight’s episode … [episode title].

To avoid spoilers, I crafted a series of “question mark” tokens I could fill in.

Yeah, it’s not the prettiest thing, and it sort of grew like Topsy, but it served my purposes.

You can google Roll20 landing page and actually get a lot of cool examples (and some templates for sale from enterprising entrepreneurs).

<< Session 8 | Session 10 >>

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Moving Through a Hostile Creature’s Space!

Sometimes you need to get past an enemy without taking the time to kill them.

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

There are a number of rules that deal with the basic question of “How do I get past that guy?” Note that all the below observations are caveated by class or racial powers that may say otherwise. Monks and rogues and some smaller creatures get special abilities to do some of this stuff.

Note also that if you use any of these, you still run the risk of an Attack of Opportunity if, once past, you continue running beyond someone’s reach.

Also, if the either of the opponents here is one of those that does damage to a melee attacker “within five feet,” I would as DM incur that penalty to these maneuvers as well (even if they are not, strictly speaking, melee attacks). In other words, if you are shoving, shoving past, or even tumbling around that flaming guy, you’re going to get burned (and if it’s the flaming guy trying to move through an occupied hex, the target’s going to get burned, regardless of whether the attempt was successful).

The Magic of the Five Foot Square

Okay, if you are doing Theater of the Mind, more power to you. I run on a 5-foot square grid.

Obviously a Medium creature (as most players and many opponents are) does not fill the entire square, like some sort of gelatinous cube. Instead, the square represents what war-gamers would call a “zone of control.” A player in a 5-foot square can be anywhere (and, in a sort of quantum fashion, everywhere) within it. Even if you are leaning waaaaaaaay over to one side to shoot arrows at that goblin behind partial cover, you are still blocking that orc from traipsing through the other side of your 5-foot square.

The basic rules of 5e (and D&D in general) is that, with some identified exceptions and weird edge cases, opposed beings cannot occupy the same 5-foot square. So, other than slaying that enemy in your way, how can you get past them?

Here is a summary of the ideas spelled out below …

If you are _____ than your opponent …	… then consider _____.
Bigger	Overrunning
Bigger (a lot) or Smaller (a lot)	Moving Through
Stronger	Shoving, Shoving Aside, or Overrunning
More Agile	Tumbling Past

Moving Through

You can move through a hostile creature’s space only if the creature is at least two Sizes larger or smaller than you. Remember that, even in those cases, another creature’s space is Difficult Terrain for you.

Cost: Difficult Terrain movement.

Shoving

There are a couple of possibilities here — a bog-normal Shove attack, or an optional Shove Aside.

Note that in neither case do you need to worry about “Difficult Terrain” as you are never deemed to be in the same square as the enemy (don’t think about it too hard).

If we think of You (Y) doing one of these attacks against the Enemy (E), here is where they would end up with a Shove (S) or an (optional) Shove Aside (A)

S  S  S 
A  E  A
   Y

Shove

You can use a Shove as an attack in the round, pushing the target away from you 5 feet (think of the offensive line in a football game). Once you push them away, you can step into their space and then beyond.

“Away” on a square grid would be straight back or diagonally back. (The DM might want to opine on that one, but Jeremy Crawford says diagonal counts as “away”. More discussion here.)

For a Shove, the target can’t be more than one Size larger. You as the shover make a Strength (Athletics) roll vs. the target’s (choice of) Strength (Athletics) or Dexterity (Acrobatics).

You could also knock them Prone with a Shove attack but that doesn’t clear out the space for you to move through.

Cost: One Attack.

Shove Aside

This is an Optional Rule on DMG 272: Rather than using a Shove to move someone back (or Prone), you use Shove to move them to the side.

Essentially, this is a more difficult Shove attack (shifting someone at a 90 degree angle), with the same skill comparison, so you as the shover roll at Disadvantage. If successful, the opponent is shoved 5 feet to the side, meaning you can move through their square at no additional movement penalty.

As a DM, the added difficulty seems quite fair and I wouldn’t hesitate to allow this Optional Rule.

Cost: One Attack.

Tumbling Past

This is another Optional Rule, so check with your DM first. DMs, this can provide color, but it can also make your sneaky rogue types (who probably have a high DEX) a lot more dangerous.

This can be found in the DMG, page 272: As an Action or Bonus Action, you roll Dexterity (Acrobatics) vs the Dexterity (Acrobatics) of the one you’re trying to Tumble past; if you win, you can move through (but not stop in) the hostile creature’s space (as difficult terrain).

There’s no specific penalty for failure here — except that you’ve burned an Action or Bonus Action, successful or not.

Costs: Action or Bonus Action; Difficult Terrain movement.

Overrunning

Yet another Optional Rule, on DMG page 272, this is basically just shoving your way past the opponent (or using your Strength to do a Move Through).

As an Action or Bonus Action, you roll a Strength (Athletics) check vs the defender’s Strength (Athletics). You are at Advantage if of a larger Size, or Disadvantage if of a smaller Size. If successful, you can move through the square (as Difficult terrain).

Cost: Action or Bonus Action; Difficult Terrain movement

But what about Jumping Over them?

The Jumping rules really don’t allow this. Or don’t work well with it.

First, High Jumps don’t help, since they are only up-and-down, according to the rules. (Yes, Olympic High Jumps involve some horizontal distance, though often not much, I don’t think anyone is envisioning jumping backwards over an orc and then landing on their own back on a huge fluffy pad.)

Second — this is not an easy thing to do. Even under highly controlled non-combat situations.

You just can’t jump high enough on a Long Jump to reliably get over an opponent’s head. The height you achieve on a Long Jump, with a successful Strength (Athletics) check vs DC10, is (distance/4) feet; assuming the space a Medium creature controls space is not just 5×5, but 5x5x5, you would need a distance jumped of 20 feet (20/4=5) to get past them (i.e., with a Running Long Jump, that means you’d need a STR of 20).

Magic might help: a Jump spell (or Ring of Jumping) triples your jumping distance, thus your someone with a STR of, say 16, would theoretically be able to Jump 48 feet, clearing 12 feet high …

… although the irritating Jumping rules still, even with a spell, restrict your Jumping distance to your Speed. If your speed is 30, you can only jump 30 feet (or 20 if you are doing a Running Long Jump that takes a 10 foot run-up). That still lets you clear that 5 foot height (20/4), and it means you only need a Strength 10 to (barely) jump over an opponent. (Speed magic would help here even more.)

That said … is a 5 foot height being the vertical control zone actually a real thing? Eh … given that D&D tends to be a bit vertically challenged in terms of accommodating things that are above ground level, you could argue it for most Medium characters (esp. as weapons and armor aren’t generally pointed at / oriented toward / limber regarding upward attacks). If you remember the Golden Rule that D&D is not a physics simulator (it’s not even a combat simulator), it kinda-sorta works fine.

Since you would be flying over the enemy’s head, there is no Difficult Terrain consideration. Thank goodness for that.

Taller creatures will tend to be Large in Size, and thus fill up (or control) a 10-foot square space (a lot more to jump over), but even if they don’t, maybe the best way to handle it is with a higher DC on that Strength (Athletics) check (DM discretion).

What does happen if that Strength (Athletics) check to jump over something fails? In theory, just as with a non-opponent Long Jump, the jump fails at that point, and you end up, probably Prone, in the square in front of the enemy you tried to jump over. But we’ll leave those esoterica as an exercise for the student.

But Don’t Forget …

The Rule of Cool.

Sliding past/under, or jumping up-over, a bad guy is a pretty bad-ass cool move, the sort of thing that will have characters (or their players) bragging about over beers for months or years to come.

Which means, on an exceptional basis (e.g., in a boss fight) the DM should probably be willing to bend the rules at least a bit to allow such an attempt, even of the numbers don’t quite work out. The rules are there to let you know what should normally work and what normally shouldn’t. But ultimately, that judgment belongs to the DM — and a balls-to-the-wall unexpected heroic attempt … should get at least a bit of latitude.

Any changes here with 5.5e?

Why yes. Yes there are — fairly significant ones.

First, though it doesn’t apply specifically to this post’s topic, while in 5e moving through a friendly character’s square was considered Difficult Terrain, in 5.5e, it’s not — just a normal space to move through. This makes stack-ups at doorway a lot less painful.

Similarly, you can move through, at speed square of a Tiny creature.

It remains Difficult Terrain to move through the square of an Incapacitated creature (which as a house rule we include dead bodies), or of a creature that is two Sizes larger/smaller than you.

While in 5e you could not end movement in the same square of another creature, 5.5e allows it if it is an involuntary action (e.g., being hurled there telekinetically). If you find yourself unwillingly end your turn in such a square, you are Prone unless you are Tiny or are a larger Size than the other creature. Even if you go prone, the other creature is not affected unless it ends its turn in the same square.

A Shove is now a form of Unarmed Strike in 5.5e. Rather than doing an Athletics vs. Athletics/Acrobatics contest (5.5e really doesn’t like contests), instead, the shover just says they are doing so, and the target must make a

STRength or DEXterity Save (their choice)
vs.
DC = (8 + shover’s STRength mod + shover’s Proficiency Bonus)

A Shove is only possible if the target is no more than one Size larger than the shover.

The new 5.5e rules make no mention of the previously optional Overrun or Tumble Past or Shove Aside rules. The same is true for a lot of the Optional Rules in 5e’s DMG; whether these are a permanent simplification or wil be reintroduced in a later supplement remains unknown.

Jumping rules are pretty much the same as in 5e.

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Magic Items: Investigating and Using!

What do I do with this loot that just might be magic?

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

I grew up in the era where you always had a mage in the party who took Detect Magic to spot the glowy magic items, and then Identify to suss out what it is.

5e has simplified this a great deal, though much of the info is semi-hidden in the DMG (p. 136). There are several ways of getting at whether an item has magical properties and, if so, what they are:

As the DMG says, the fastest and easiest way to reveal an item’s properties is with the Identify spell. Note that Identify can be done as a Ritual, so any wizard, bard, or cleric of divination can do it, taking 10 minutes and not burning a spell slot. If you don’t know the spell, then 10gp will hire someone (in an appropriate locale) to cast it for you.
You can also focus on a magic item with which you are in physical contact during a Short Rest. I usually require the characters to sort of wield the item more or less like they would — wear the boots, hold ring in your hand, wave the sword around a bit. At the end of the rest, you have learned the item’s properties and how to invoke them. This is the most common method, as it is relatively cheap and easy.
You can also try to do an Intelligence (Arcana) check to see if something about the object can identify it (“The elves often put wings on the leather of Boots of Flying” or “That is the symbol for the Orcish God of Fire” or “Rings that chime with that particular note are most likely magic, from the lost realm of Midoria”). This is much quicker than the Short Rest option, but likely less complete. (Some suggestions on how this might work.)
Alternately, you can guess from clues on the item itself, or can just start wielding it and figure out how it works.

Note that for scrolls, a tiny sip will let you know what it does without it (most likely) having an effect on you.

Attunement

Some magical items require more than just identification and working instructions to invoke its magical powers. Instead, they are of sufficient power that they require a mystical bond be created between the wielder and the item called Attunement.

If an item requires this, it is listed with the item. Until such an item is Attuned, its magical properties do not manifest (an unattuned +3 Vorpal Sword is just a very cool looking normal sword in combat). Note that some items can have a prerequisite (e.g., class, race) for Attunement.

Attunement takes an additional Short Rest (beyond the initial identification), in physical contact and focusing on the item. Practice use of or meditation over the item might be helpful here. At the end of the rest, “the creature gains an intuitive understanding of how to activate any magical properties of the item, including any necessary command words.” More complex or powerful items may require additional Short Rests or presentation of circumstances where an ability manifests. (“You suddenly feel no fear of the flames, realizing they are not harming you but humming softly.”)

An item can be attuned to only one person at a time, and a person can only attune to three unique items at a time.

Attunement ends if prerequisites are no longer met, if the item is over 100 feet away for at least 24 hours, if the owner dies, or if another creature attunes to the item. You can also voluntarily drop an attunement with another Short Rest.

Spell-casting items

Items that allow spells to be cast are cast at the lowest possible spell and caster level, don’t expend any spell slots, and require no components (unless otherwise specified). Rules for range, casting time, duration, and concentration apply (again, unless otherwise specified).

For items that depend on the user’s spellcasting ability, if you don’t actually have a native spellcasting ability (e.g., a Rogue with Use Magic Device), the ability modifier is +0 but your Proficiency Bonus does apply.

So what about in 5.5e?

Again, things are pretty much the same between 5e (2014) and 5.5e (2024), just organized differently or clarifying things a bit better..

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Magic Items: Buying and Selling!

Past editions have been profligate with magic items. 5e is a different beast.

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

TL;DR: Anything with magic items is expensive and difficult and unlikely under 5e.

For design reasons having to do with Bounded Accuracy and stuff like that, magic items — especially anything permanent, or anything to alter combat stats (TH, AC) — are rare as hen’s teeth in 5th Edition D&D.

The following is meant to provide guidelines. Bearing in mind how magic items can unbalance a campaign (especially weapons and armor with plusses), the DM should, as always, look for ways to make things fun and make things work for the story.

The rules on this stuff are something of a mess, to be honest, scattered in the PHB, the DMG, with major (optional) updates in XGE, which is what I’ll mostly follow (starting round XGE 134) None of it makes it easy along the lines of “I step into Ye Olde Magick Ytem Shoppe and …” For most stuff beyond the common, it’s a matter of searching out, then negotiating with buyers/sellers. This can literally take weeks.

It might be easier to go attack a dragon and check out their horde …

Buying the Easy Stuff

Okay, it’s not all that bad (or I won’t let it be in my game). Common stuff — the equivalent of picking up items at the local drug store — is relatively easy to find, if only because demand for it is there. In addition to XGE, I’ve found a very nice set of purchase tables (explained here) that discuss all sorts of purchasing (and selling) at different types of shops in different locals.

Some quick summaries of readily available items.

Rarity	Potion Cost (gp)	Scroll Cost (gp)
Common	50	Lvl 0 – 50 Lvl 1 – 100
Uncommon	250 – cities only	Lvl 2 – 250 – cities only Lvl 3 – 500 – cities only
Rare	2500 – cities only, if at all	Lvl 4 – 2500 – cities only, if at all Lvl 5 – 5000 – cities only, if at all

So, for example, a Common Potion of Healing is available at 50gp or so; quantities may be limited, and may vary by locale and shop. Especially as you get into Uncommon and Rare, the chances are high that stock and locations will be constrained.

Buying the Hard Stuff

Once you start getting beyond what gets stocked at the local Walgreens, it becomes a lot harder. Magic is rare, so finding it in a shop is situational (e.g., “Poor Drunken Bob used to be a mighty paladin. He finally hocked his +1 Greatsword with me last week. Only reason I’d carry something like that.”). It’s possible a shop in a trading town or small city might have something immediately on hand, but not guaranteed. The following is based largely on the “Downtime” rules in XGE.

Finding a magic item to purchase takes at least one workweek (5d) of effort, and 100gp in Expenses. You roll Charisma (Persuasion) to determine the quality of the seller, +1/extra work week you take, +1/extra 100gp you spend. (This also provides a wealthy lifestyle, so you can impress them). The roll is against the DC to Find in the table below.

Rarity	Level	Find a seller	Asking Price (gp)	Example
Common	1+	DC 10	(1d6+1) * 10 Avg 45	Potion of Healing* 2d4+2
Uncommon	1+	DC 15	(1d6) * 100 Avg 350	Potion of Greater Healing* 4d4+4 Weapon +1 Adamantine Armor Wand of Magic Missiles
Rare	5+	DC 20	(2d10) * 1K Avg 11K	Potion of Superior Healing* 8d4+8 Weapon +2 Armor +1 Wand of Fireballs
Very Rare	11+	DC 25	(1d4+1) * 10K Avg 35K	Potion of Supreme Healing* 10d4+20 Weapon +3 Armor +2 Wand of Polymorph
Legendary	17+	DC 30	(2d6) * 25K Avg 175K	Vorpal Sword Armor +3 Ring of 3 Wishes

* Potions, scrolls, and other consumables cost only half price.

So, what do you find?

DC Check Total	Items Acquired
1-5	Roll 1d6 times on Magic Item Table A. (Common)
6-10	Roll 1d4 times on Magic Item Table B.
11-15	Roll 1d4 times on Magic Item Table C.
16-20	Roll 1d4 times on Magic Item Table D. (Uncommon)
21-25	Roll 1d4 times on Magic Item Table E.
26-30	Roll 1d4 times on Magic Item Table F.
31-35	Roll 1d4 times on Magic Item Table G. (Rare)
36-40	Roll 1d4 times on Magic Item Table H. (Very Rare)
41+	Roll 1d4 times on Magic Item Table I. (Legendary)

Complications can happen.

Spellcasting As A Service

Rather than buying a (consumable) magic item, you can also hire a spell-caster to do something for you. Services for relatively common spells (Cure Wounds, Identify) are easy enough to find in a city, possibly even in a town, costing 10-50gp (plus any expensive material components) (PHB 159)

The general rule of thumb for such costs:

(Level)² × 10 + (Consumed Materials×2) + (Non-consumed Materials×0.1)

Temples are likely to provide the following spell services to the general public, assuming it’s a large enough establishment to have clerics that can do it:

Spell	Level	Cost (gp)
Cure Wounds	1	10
Prayer of Healing	2	50
Gentle Repose	2	50
Lesser Restoration*	2	50
Remove Curse	3	100
Revivify	3	400
Divination	4	210
Greater Restoration	5	450
Raise Dead	5	1000

*Outside of temples, itinerant priests can perform these.

Temples may perform other spells, but most likely only for adherents to the god in question.

Other magical services that can be relatively easily obtained outside of temples (in addition to the above spells that are not solely in cleric/adjacent classes):

Spell	Level	Cost (gp)
Identify	1	20

Prices, as with all things, can be affected by social interactions and local economic circumstances. I.e., you may be able to use Charisma (Persuasion) to sweet talk getting a desired service. On the other hand, if there is a major war or plague going on, such services may be swamped by the demand.

Selling a Magic Item

This is similar to buying one (and similarly comes from XGE, pp 133-34).

Unless you’re talking about something Common, most vendors can’t afford to buy such items, especially in smaller towns. You can pretty easily sell something to the local Walgreens that they regularly stock, or even something of the same rarity, but beyond that requires a vendor with resources, and likely some sort of Charisma (Persuasion) roll to assure the buyer of the quality.

For a more formal approach, you can find a buyer for one magic item by spending 1 work week and 25gp to spread the word. You can only sell one item at a time. Make a Charisma (Persuasion) check to determine the offer (you don’t have to take it).

Rarity	Base Price (gp) (half for consumables)
Common	100
Uncommon	400
Rare	4K
Very Rare	40K
Legendary	200K

DC Check Total	Offer % of base price
1-10	50%
11-20	100%
21+	150%

Every work week (5d) spent provides a 10% chance of a complication — also known as DM fun! Maybe someone else in the area is looking for such an item (making buyers eager to pick one up … or making buyers who have one want to get rid of the competition).

The net-net of all this is that magic items are not that much fun, certainly not that easily available with all the monster loot you keep finding, and you’ll have better luck knocking over dungeons until you find that +2 glaive you are looking for than to go to the local town and figuring to pick up such a thing at Ye Olde Magick Shoppe on the central square.

As a DM, if there’s something someone seems to need (or is jonesing for), it’s easier for me to tweak the treasure drops and provide it that way, than grinding folk through this.

So does 5.5e change any of this?

Since it’s based on the same underlying Bounded Accuracy principles, I wouldn’t expect many changes in 5.5e (2024). And, as far as I can tell at a quick glance, there aren’t that many. Mostly things are just reorganized and clarified. Higher level magic and things that increase damage or AC are rarer than hens’ teeth. A sidebar goes out of the way to say that the game is balanced without magic items, so they are in no way necessary.

Your players may disagree.

Chapter 7 of the DMG has a number of pages describing magic items (including how Potions and Scrolls work), commentary on magic item rarity and value, tracking of magic items and expectations of how many a party should have at given levels, crafting magic items, and a variety of magic items to use in the campaign. What I see looks much like the guidelines and tables in 5e.

The PHB has (in ch. 6) a nice new table on the cost of spellcasting services, as well as spell scroll crafting times and costs. Aside from that, things are pretty much the same.

D&D 5e Rules – Jumping!

Y’know, it makes me want to JUMP (where “it” is a bottomless crevasse)!

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

So not a lot exciting here, but sooner or later a player’s going to want to know if they can jump up to something, jump over something, etc.

Basic Jumping Rules

Jumping is all about Strength.

Running¹ Long Jump: Travel STR feet forward.⁴
Standing Long Jump: Travel STR/2 feet forward.^2,4
Running¹ High Jump: Travel (STR bonus + 3) feet upward.³
Standing High Jump: Travel (STR bonus + 3)/2 feet upward.^2,3

¹ “Running” means you move at least 10 feet before making the jump. This is presumably, but not RAW, in the direction of the jump.
² Round down!
³ A Strength(Athletics) roll might let you go a little higher.
⁴ In a long jump you can clear a low obstacle (distance/4 feet high) with as DC10 Strength (Athletics) check

So, as an example, the 6-foot tall Fighter with a Strength of 16 (+3 Bonus) can:

Do a Running Long Jump of 16 feet forward (clearing a 4 foot high obstacle)
Do a Standing Long Jump of 8 feet forward (clearing a 2 foot high obstacle)
Do a Running High Jump of 6 feet high (with a reach of up to 9 feet)
Do a Standing High Jump of 3 feet high (with a reach of up to 6 feet)

If you land in difficult terrain, you need a DC10 Dexterity (Acrobatics) check to not fall down prone.

You can extend your arms half your height above yourself during the jump. Thus, you can reach above you a distance equal to the (height of the jump ) + (1½ times your height). (See, putting a height value on your character sheet finally means something!)

Movement and Jumping

The RAW rule is, your jump in feet (up or across) counts against your Movement. That implies that if you have a Speed of 30, and you want to try and long jump 20 feet, you can only move 10 feet beforehand. (Jumps can’t split across turns.)

Jump spells can extend your jump, but the rule of 1 foot / 1 foot against Movement still applies.

For example, the Jump spell or a Ring of Jumping lets you triple your Jump — so the Fighter described above would get a Running Long Jump of (16×3=) 48 feet, right? Nope. If their Speed is only 30, they can only Jump that far (or less, given the 10 foot lead-up to a Running Long Jump).

This limitation can be extended, though, through:

Speed magic (e.g., Haste, which doubles your Speed)
The Dash action (which effectively doubles your Speed for the turn).

Note that while the RAW indicate this limitation, there is some dispute among 5e’s designers.

Jumping and Falling

There are cases with spells where it is possible to jump higher than 10 feet, which raises the question as to whether you then take damage upon landing again.

People can disagree, but I’d be inclined to say no, especially as magic is involved: if your (magically-enhanced) muscles can propel you upwards 20 feet, they can absorb the (same) shock in landing after returning to the ground. Because magic!

So, what about Jumping in 5.5e?

Pretty much all the same as with 5e for the basic jumps.

The Jump spell is handled a little differently, and more simply: each turn, the recipient of the spell can long jump 30 feet by spending 10 feet of movement. No calculations needed.

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Round Down!

It’s a little thing, but it can make a big difference … and know it will help stop arguments at the table.

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

So this one is short and sweet, but an important guideline to remember. It shows up in multiple 5e rulebooks, including the introductory material to the Players Handbook [PHB 7], repeated for emphasis in Xanathar’s and Tasha’s (emphasis mine):

Whenever you divide a number in the game, Round Down if you end up with a fraction, even if the fraction is one-half or greater.

That is, for those of you with an Excel frame of mind, always use TRUNC(), rather than ROUND() or CEILING().

A common example of this is with damage Resistance, which some monsters have. Resistance to a type of damage means it’s halved. If you do 15 points of fire damage to a creature with Resistance to Fire, they only take 7 points (15 / 2 = 7½, Round Down to 7).

Is there some deep, important, mystical and/or pragmatic reason to Round Down by default? No. I suspect things would all balance out decently enough if we handled rounding in a different fashion. But it is important that there be a rule so that one isn’t having to look up every case where fractions show up, seeing how the rounding should work for each. Consistency makes for faster, easier, less contentious gameplay.

Of course, as the preceding general rule in the PHB says, exceptions beat general rules, and there are places where there are specific exceptions to Rounding Down called out — either specifically changing how things should be rounded, or more often providing a minimum. For example, you regain half of your maximum Hit Dice used after a Long Rest, but the rules note a minimum of 1 Hit Die is recovered (otherwise 1st level characters would get nothing, as 1 HD / 2 = ½ HD, rounded down is 0 HD).

But unless an exception is called out, the general rule is always to Round Down.

And with 5.5e?

The same bedrock principle applies in 5.5e (2024), as seen on PHB page 8 and the Glossary:

Whenever you divide or multiply a number in the game, round down if you end up with a fraction, even if the fraction is one-half or greater. Some rules make an exception and tell you to round up.

It does seem to me, looking at the rules, that there are more exceptions called out, but not a lot.

D&D 5e Rules – Invisibility!

Invisibility seems like the most incredible defensive thing. But … in 5e? Not so much.

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

So Invisibility is often one of those “DM Bane” spells or abilities. Sneak past all the guards, unable to be targeted, overhearing all the secrets, scouting out all the ambushes. It can be really annoying, if not an OP way to get around a lot of hard work.

But (spoilers!) in D&D 5e, it’s … useful, but not game-breaking.

The Invisibility Spell:

A creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends [Concentration, up to 1 hour]. Anything the target is wearing or carrying is Invisible as long as it is on the target’s person. The spell ends for a target that attacks or casts a spell.

Well, that sounds ominous. Uber-rogues! Hidden assassins! Parties just waltzing through dungeons!

Hmmmm … but what does that really mean?

What does Invisibility mean?

An Invisible creature has the Invisibility condition, defined as:

An invisible creature is impossible to see without the aid of magic or a spe⁠cial sense. For the purpose of hiding, the creature is heavily obscured. The creature’s location can be detected by any noise it makes or any tracks it leaves.
Attack rolls against the creature have disadvantage, and the creature’s attack rolls have advantage.

I.e.,

Impossible to see without the aid of magic or a special sense (see below for more detail).
Heavily Obscured — a Hazard defined as “A Heavily Obscured area—such as darkness, opaque fog, or dense foliage—blocks vision entirely. A creature effectively suffers from the Blinded condition when trying to see something in that area.”
- It’s kind of funny to think of Invisibility as bringing an obscuring field (itself invisible) wrapped around you, but for purposes of the Hide action, that’s how it works. Being Heavily Obscured makes it much easier to Hide
- An attacker is effectively “Blinded” while dealing with such a target (thus attacking at Disadvantage).
Still detectable by any noise it makes or any tracks it leaves (or any scent it gives off). A fairly common ruling, though not backed by RAW, is that this (under certain circumstances) represents a Disadvantage on Perception checks. Note that being detected doesn’t necessarily change the Disadvantage to attack such a target; in general, it mainly offers the opportunity to attack it.
- “I have no visual or auditory or olfactory sign that there is anything near me. So I will not start swinging my sword.”
- On the other hand, “I saw footsteps running through the puddle!” while not making you an easy target, does make your presence known and, potentially, able to be dealt with. “I hear a footstep, I see a splash in a puddle, I smell a familiar perfume — I swing, but I know I am at a Disadvantage.”

It is sometimes observed that being Invisible is different from being (successfully) Hidden. Taking the Hide action entails the other senses that make one perceivable. (But check out the 5.5e info below.)

Looking at PHB 194:

When you attack a target that you can’t see, you have Disadvantage on the attack roll. This is true whether you’re guessing the target’s location or you’re targeting a creature you can hear but not see. If the target isn’t in the location you targeted, you automatically miss, but the DM typically just says that the attack missed, not whether you guessed the target’s location correctly.

And …

When a creature can’t see you, you have Advantage on attack rolls against it.

What does that mean, basically?

Attack Rolls against an invisible creature have Disadvantage
Attack Rolls by an invisible creature have Advantage.

Which is pretty awesome, but is not game-dominating.

The Devil Is in the Details

Delving deeper, the Invisibility spell:

Requires Concentration. That makes it pretty good for “I will make you invisible, go scout ahead.” Less so for “Here, let me make you invisible mid-battle, as long as I OH MY GOD THE FIREBALL!”
- Unless you are an Invisible Stalker, where Invisibility an innate condition that doesn’t require Concentration. Such cases will are clearly stated in the rules.
Ends when an Invisible creature attacks or casts a spell.
- Prepping for an attack doesn’t drop the Invisibility (we’re not talking Romulan warbirds here)
- Actually making the attack roll signifies the attack, and drops the Invis (even if it misses).
  - But executing a spell that creates a saving throw result still counts as dropping the Invis, even though there is no attack roll.
  - Readying an Attack doesn’t drop the Invis, but Readying a spell does.
- For a Rogue, that attack that drops the spell is probably a Sneak Attack, since that gives them Advantage.
- For a multi-turn spell-casting, starting the spell breaks the Invisibility.

I see you!

So what might counter Invisibility (beyond footprints or being noisy)?

Blindsight: “A creature with blindsight can perceive its surroundings without relying on sight.”
Tremorsense: “A monster with tremorsense can detect and pinpoint the origin of vibrations within a specific radius, provided that the monster and the source of the vibrations are in contact with the same ground or substance “
Truesight: A creature with truesight can, out to a specific range, see in normal and magical darkness, and see Invisible creatures and objects.

In general, the above are either (a) creatures living belowground or in the dark or in the Underdark, or (b) beings of a higher order.

How about magic?

See Invisibility does what it says on the tin: “see invisible creatures and objects as if they were visible” for an hour. Similarly, the 10th Level Divination Wizard class feature, “The Third Eye,” giver an option to “See Invisibility: You can see invisible creatures and objects within 10 feet of you that are within line of sight.”
(Note that a 2020 Sage Advice Compendium defines line of sight (in another context) as requiring being able to see something, leading some people to assert that the Third Eye feature does nothing because it only sees invisible things that are in line of sight. But this is very clearly “that would be within line of sight if they were visible” in meaning, and ruling otherwise is untoward nitpicking of the SA’s statement in a different context.)
Dispel Magic will work against an Invisibility spell just fine … but you need to be able to target it, meaning (most likely) a Perception roll first, with the caveats above.
Create Water is also a good sneaky way to be able to perceive an invisible creature, either through raindrops or through puddles.

And, just as a general note, Area of Effect spells are an excellent tactical counter to Invisibility (think “Depth charges vs suspected enemy submarine”).

All right, then what about 5.5e?

In 5.5e, those with the Invisible condition get the following effects:

Surprise. If you’re Invisible when you roll Initiative, you have Advantage on the roll.

Concealed. You aren’t affected by any effect that requires its target to be seen unless the effect’s creator can somehow see you. Any equipment you are wearing or carrying is also concealed.

Attacks Affected. Attack rolls against you have Disadvantage, and your attack rolls have Advantage. If a creature can somehow see you, you don’t gain this benefit against that creature.

Which all seems reasonable, but doesn’t actually define Invisibility — it almost arguably (and some folk have made the argument) doesn’t really state you can’t be seen.

The Invisibility spell simply conveys the Invisible condition to its target(s), which remains until the end of the spell duration or “immediately after the target makes an attack roll, deals damage, or casts a spell.” Greater Invisibility even lets you do those things and still be Invisible.

The rules on the Invisible condition contain nothing about using other senses (hearing, smell) other than special visual abilities to overcome the Invisibility (it’s implied by still being able to Attack, even at Disadvantage). More importantly, the rules no longer equate Invisibility with being Heavily Obscured, even though the effects (Disadvantage on Attack) are similar.

The Heavily Obscured description is terse.

You have the Blinded condition while trying to see something in a Heavily Obscured space.

Though in the “Exploration” section of the PHB, it does get some definition:

A Heavily Obscured area—such as an area with Darkness, heavy fog, or dense foliage—is opaque. You have the Blinded condition when trying to see something there.

The Hide Action notes (emphasis mine):

With the Hide action, you try to conceal yourself. To do so, you must succeed on a DC 15 Dexterity (Stealth) check while you’re Heavily Obscured or behind Three-Quarters Cover or Total Cover, and you must be out of any enemy’s line of sight; if you can see a creature, you can discern whether it can see you.

On a successful check, you have the Invisible condition while hidden. Make note of your check’s total, which is the DC for a creature to find you with a Wisdom (Perception) check.

You stop being hidden immediately after any of the following occurs: you make a sound louder than a whisper, an enemy finds you, you make an attack roll, or you cast a spell with a Verbal component.

This has three interesting implications:

First, if you have the Invisible condition, you don’t need to Hide because all Hide does is give you the Invisible condition.

Second, while we do not get anything explicit about how to detect a magically Invisible creature with other senses before they attack, do damage, or cast a spell, the Hide guidelines do provide some hints that could be used: a sound louder than a whisper, a suitable Perception roll against you, an attack, or a spell with a verbal component.

Third, the language that Hidden creatures gain the “Invisible” condition: does that mean the See Invisibility spell (“you see creatures and objects that have the Invisible condition as if they were visible”) or Truesight (“you see creatures and objects that have the Invisible condition”) should spot where people are hiding behind trees? RAW, it seems so, though that hardly appears to be the intent. Many people have spent a lot of time complaining about this.

But wait, there’s more. In a box under “Combat” and “Cover,” it discusses Unseen Enemies:

When you make an attack roll against a target you can’t see, you have Disadvantage on the roll. This is true whether you’re guessing the target’s location or targeting a creature you can hear but not see. If the target isn’t in the location you targeted, you miss.

When a creature can’t see you, you have Advantage on attack rolls against it.

If you are hidden when you make an attack roll, you give away your location when the attack hits or misses.

While that’s sort of focused on more conventionally hidden creatures, it also applies to magical invisibility as well.

Let’s mix it up even more.

In the order of combat rules on Initiative and Surprise, the rules read:

Surprise. If a combatant is surprised by combat starting, that combatant has Disadvantage on their Initiative roll. For example, if an ambusher starts combat while hidden from a foe who is unaware that combat is starting, that foe is surprised.

The term “hidden” isn’t defined anywhere. Is a person with the Invisible condition (from either a spell or from taking a Hide move) “hidden.” The “Surprise” section of the Invisible condition focuses just on the attacker getting Advantage on Init, not on this additional Disadvantage on Init for the defender.

(More on Surprise here.)

In short, all of this in 5.5e is kind of a mess — things aren’t defined clearly, or where defined are simplified in unhelpful ways. The 5e rules had their own messy issues, but 5.5e has only made them, um, messier.

As a result, game tables will almost inevitably have to adopt some sort of house rules (probably borrowing from 5e rules). These could be as simple as defining the term “hidden,” acknowledging that in almost all Surprise situations there will be both Advantage and Disadvantage on Init, and some ground rules for how to actually detect Invisible creatures. Others might go for more elaborate revisions to the rules set.

Or, perhaps, we’ll get an improved set of definitions with upcoming source book, Unearthed Arcana, or Sage Advice Compendium.

D&D 5e Rules – (Heroic) Inspiration!

Inspiration can be used to reward good roleplay and memorable moments. I like it.

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

So in addition to being a Tactical Guy, I’m a role-player, so I will likely emphasize those aspects in any game I can.

D&D is not a RP-heavy system by design; it’s originally derived from miniatures warfare gaming (which doesn’t reward someone running into the middle of the battlefield with a white flag to negotiate a truce), and the Experience Points that folk are incented after are for, frankly, killing things. This has “gotten better” over the years, but killing does still seem to be the best way to get XP. So, as a general rule, one does not hop into a D&D game expecting penetrating psycho-drama and lengthy inter-character dialogs.

Right. Got it.

There Will Be Role-Playing

I still encourage players to think about the personality aspects of their characters — 5e has rather clumsily loaded traits, ideals, bonds, and flaws into the character creation process, related to background. It’s a start, but I would hope players would come up with something a bit more organic, using those background-driven items as, well “inspiration.”

Role-playing is also important, in my games, when encountering people not in the party. The folk encountered, especially in town, are not pop-up clue dispensers. I can’t promise Shakespeare, but there will be character interactions, so I expect something more than “I walk up to the Bartender and roll on Deceive.”

All of which ties into the post topic: Inspiration [PHB 125]!

What is Inspiration?

From a meta standpoint, Inspiration is an optional rule, based on whether the DM wants to use it. I’m not sure why they would not, but if your tables doesn’t use it … it’s worth asking why not.

Mechanically, here’s what the book say (emphasis mine):

Inspiration is a rule the game master can use to reward you for playing your character in a way that’s true to his or her personality traits, ideal, bond, and flaw.

By using inspiration, you can draw on your personality trait of compassion for the downtrodden to give you an edge in negotiating with the Beggar Prince. Or inspiration can let you call on your bond to the defense of your home village to push past the effect of a spell that has been laid on you.

Those examples given are a little misleading. You get Inspiration by (as a limited example) drawing on those personality traits in some fashion … and can then use Inspiration to do something better than usual. RP-wise, you can draw on that connection (“As I talk to the Beggar Prince, I remember that morning giving my last gold piece to that hungry child [for which I got Inspiration because it ties into my character origin], and I hold onto that insight as to what hunger really means as I negotiate for my friends’ release”), but it’s not completely necessary.

Gaining Inspiration

The 5e DMG (pg. 240) specifically suggests giving Inspiration for:

Roleplaying: A character does something notable and memorable that is consistent with their personality bonds, flaws, nature, etc.

Heroism: A character does something notably heroic — usually taking some sort of huge risk (with possible loss of life).

A Reward for Victory: Giving Inspiration when a character levels up is common at many tables. Other noteworthy goal achievements (slaying the BBEG, or even one of their powerful lieuts) can also qualify.

Genre Emulation: A character helps support the conventions and tropes of the genre — e.g., calling out that they are falling for a dame in a noirish setting because that’s what loner heroes do; leaning into the creepiness and fright of a horror -focused game.

That all seems pretty in line with my thoughts. The PHB similarly says:

Your GM can choose to give you inspiration for a variety of reasons. Typically, GMs award it when you play out your personality traits, give in to the drawbacks presented by a flaw or bond, and otherwise portray your character in a compelling way. Your GM will tell you how you can earn inspiration in the game.

As noted, good role-play will (or should — see below) almost always net Inspiration at my table. Sometimes it might not happen until after the session when I’m doing the game logs, but …

I also give Inspiration for particularly fun, imaginative, or memorable action by a character. If it’s the sort of thing you’d tell stories about afterwards in a tavern, or that might even be mentioned in the Saga of You that some bard will write someday — it’s worth Inspiration. If it’s something that made every player at the table cheer, laugh, or yelp with surprise (and will be told about at gaming tables to come) — it’s probably worth Inspiration as well.

Since the DM controls the reward of Inspiration, you can keep it from becoming too mechanical or from players “gaming” the system for it. Inspiration should feel like a real reward for doing something for doing something that makes the game more interesting, entertaining, or enjoyable for everyone at the table.

One last thing: the DMG also suggests the DM can dangle Inspiration out for someone when they are considering an action that might provide such a reward (e.g., playing Horatius at the bridge to let their friends escape). That makes it feel a bit too transactional and mechanical to me, the sort of thing that deflates the value of Inspiration.

Using Inspiration

If you have inspiration, you can expend it when you make an attack roll, saving throw, or ability check. Spending your inspiration gives you Advantage on that roll.

Basically, any time you roll a D20, you can burn your Inspiration to gain Advantage. It’s not always a game-changer, but it’s a nifty little boost.

Some tables include house rules letting you burn Inspiration to give someone else Advantage, or even to given an enemy Disadvantage. Thematically that’s a bit more dubious; it’s also potentially imbalancing.

Something tangential to the that, though, is this:

Additionally, if you have inspiration, you can reward another player for good roleplaying, clever thinking, or simply doing something exciting in the game. When another player character does something that really contributes to the story in a fun and interesting way, you can give up your inspiration to give that character inspiration.

Don’t let this erode down to players just giving their own Inspiration at the very last second to someone else who badly needs to make a roll. It should most likely happen out of combat, and the giver should provide some justification. (Note, though, that some tables effectively pool their Inspiration together; to me, that robs it of some of its color.)

Use It Or Lose It

Inspiration is a binary — you either have it or you don’t. You can’t earn multiple “points” of Inspiration.

That means that if you do something Inspiration-worthy, and you still have your previous Inspiration, you don’t get anything.

The biggest problem I see with players (myself included, when in that role) is holding onto their Inspiration “just in case.” Better to use it at the first point where it would be useful, and work at earning more. Fireball coming down your throat and you used DEX as your dump stat? Time to spend that Inspiration die to get Advantage on that DEX Save …

The DMG [p. 240] suggests each character should get around one Inspiration a session. That seems a bit high to me (and I’m not wild about an Inspiration quota), but if you have players that are doing solid RP and coming up with interesting ideas, it’s certainly not an impossible rate for them.

Some GMs put some bounds as to how long Inspiration can hang around out there — resetting it at the time of a Rest of some sort, for example. I understand that thematically, and it certainly encourages people to use their Inspiration while they have it, but I tend to be more lenient than that.

Helping the DM

There are a couple of other ways (at my table) that helping the DM can also generate Inspiration.

A player who makes substantive contributions to the game outside of it (keeping game logs, posting lots of funnies in the campaign forum, etc.) might sometimes get Inspiration for their character. I don’t do this every time because I don’t want it to be quite so quid pro quo, but occasional Inspiration is a nice tip-o-the-hat to a helpful player.

I know as a GM that I often have a dozen balls in the air, and keeping an eye out for someone making the game “more exciting, amusing, or memorable” sometimes fails because I’m too busy trying to decide what spell the evil wizard is about to cast.

Because of that, I encourage players to let me know if someone deserves Inspiration. I rarely say no (largely because I’m rarely asked for an unworthy cause).

Closing Thoughts

The DMG [p. 240] has further suggestions of when and why to award Inspiration, and some variants on the rule. It’s worth a read.

I find that players often forget they have Inspiration available when playing in a VTT like Roll20. A simple way around that is to create or designate a token Status Marker for Inspiration. Alternately, I use the Dealer API/Script by Keith Curtis (see here and here) with some simple macros to put (or take) a shiny gold D20 on the player IDs on the Roll20 desktop, complete with an inspiring message. Fun, and very visible so that it doesn’t get forgotten!

How does this change in 5.5e?

Pretty fundamentally.

First off, it’s called Heroic Inspiration now, probably to help distinguish from, say, Bardic Inspiration (a bardic class feature the lets the bard give another creature a D6 (rises with level) to use on any failed D20 Test in the next 24 hours).

Secondly, it’s no longer an Optional Rule, but baked into the system.

In addition to tweaking the name, the whole thing has evolved from top to bottom.

Using Heroic Inspiration

In the Vocabulary section of the 5.5e (2024) rules, it reads under “Heroic Inspiration“:

If you (a player character) have Heroic Inspiration, you can expend it to reroll any die immediately after rolling it, and you must use the new roll.

So two differences here:

It’s providing a die reroll, rather than Advantage. Effectively that’s the same, but process-wise it means considering using it only after a failure, rather than “I’ll use my Inspiration, oh, look, I succeeded on both rolls, so that was a waste.” It also helps it stand out against all the other mechanisms that award Advantage.
The reroll can be on any die roll, not just a D20 Test. Going up against that giant with your great axe and rolled a 1 on that D12 damage die? Now’s the time to try and improve on it! Leveling up and rolling your new Hit Die and score a 2 rather than a 10? Give it another go! Trying to heal your buddy and rolled something crappy in healing HP? Heroic Inspiration to the rescue! Your Wild Magic just did something disastrous? Let’s try our luck again! Death Saving Throw got a Nat 1? No problem!

If you gain Heroic Inspiration but already have it, it’s lost unless you give it to a player character who lacks it.

So you are still limited to a single “on/off” of having Heroic Inspiration, but if you get another one, you can (through some metaphysical concept) pass it on to another player. That seems a little odd (and like a homebrew rule that got formal approval in 5.5e), but there you go.

Getting Heroic Inspiration

But … how do you get Heroic Inspiration in 5.5e? Well, it’s still allowed / encouraged for the DM to award it for good role-playing, as in 5e [DMG 46]

You can also use Heroic Inspiration to reward roleplaying, immersion in the game, and heroism. Use it to incentivize the kind of behavior you want to see in your game, such as acting in character, taking risks, thinking strategically, cooperating well, or embracing the tropes of a particular genre.

The DMG commentary about it has gone from about a full page down to a short sidebar, but it still hits the fundamentals.

There’s also a PHB (p. 13) description:

Typically, DMs reward it when you do something particularly heroic, in character, or entertaining. It’s a reward for making the game more fun for everyone playing.

That last bit is important. It’s not just about the Player, or even the Player impressing the DM, but how the Player’s actions make the game better.

That said, the biggest change here is that Heroic Inspiration is produced through rule mechanics, too, e.g.,

If you are of the Human species — you get Heroic Inspiration after each Long Rest.
The Fighter (Champion) subclass 10th level feature “Heroic Warrior” gives you Heroic Inspiration at the start of any turn when you don’t have it (!).
The Musician (Origin Feat) lets you play a song after any Short or Long Rest and give Heroic Inspiration to some of your allies who hear you.
Spending a Short Rest in your Bastion will net you Heroic Inspiration.

Those are the mechanics I found; no doubt there are others or, at the very least, others will show up in future source books. Heroic Inspiration is now a more unique tool to tweak new classes, spells, and feats; it will be used. But will it be overused (or, frankly, is it overused now)?

On one hand, giving so many ways to get Heroic Inspiration kind of cheapens it? Charging the orcs to save the orphan you befriended? Epic! Took a nap in your Bastion? Literally ho-hum.

Oh the other hand, people will be more likely to use Heroic Inspiration if they know there are ways they will get it back. Which is no small thing.

D&D 5e/5/5e Rules – Insight!

It’s not mind reading, but it can be helpful to get some clue about what’s in an NPC’s head.

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

I’ve found Insight rules terribly underutilized in the D&D games I’ve been in. Wisdom (Insight) [PHB 178] is essentially Perception for personalities.

Your Wisdom (Insight) check decides whether you can determine the true intentions of a creature, such as when searching out a lie or predicting someone’s next move. Doing so involves gleaning clues from body language, speech habits, and changes in mannerisms.

Examples of using Insight

Bob the Tailor is a town elder, who’s fluttering around trying to keep the party from the abandoned mine outside the town. It would be useful to know where his fear is oriented — toward the party, toward the town, toward a third party, or toward himself? Is he lying when he talks about the mysterious music people have heard in the area? If we we say we’re going to the mine anyway, does his fear spike — or is it anger? Is his smile when he sees the constable walking this way the confidence of seeing an approaching ally, or a deceptive cover for terror at being discovered?

Insight can help with all that.

In other cases, you might use Insight to figure out if the guy you’re gambling with is confident in his hand. How does he feel about that last card he drew? Is your date having a good time? Sure, she says she likes that roast beast you ordered for her … but how is she really feeling?

If someone’s trying to actively resist others using their Insight against them, they usually roll Charisma (Deception). (This is a case where one could easily use other base states for the Deception role, however — an academic using Intelligence (Deception) in hiding their bias in a paper, for example, or someone using Strength (Deception) to hide how incredibly freaking heavy that chest of gold they’re showing off with is.)

But rather than Active rolls, this is also a case where Passive skills come into play — the GM can consider passive Insight (or another’s passive Deception) to give give unsolicited clues about “He’s behaving a little twitchy,” or “He seems genuinely worried about you,” or even “You notice she seems attracted to the barkeep.”

Limitations of Insight

It does have limitations. It can indicate that someone is lying — but not necessarily what they are lying about, or why they are lying, or what the truth is. People lie, after all, for a lot of reasons. Insight might tell you that the city guard you’re talking with still seems highly suspicious of you after your story … but it won’t tell you if he’s going to let his friends know to keep an eye out on you, or that he’s going to try to ambush you later on.

In short, Insight gives you, well, insight into underlying feeling, reactions, etc., but not necessarily why they are reacting that way. Is the guard at the door speaking a bit flatly when he tells you about how great a guy the grand vizier is? Yeah, you can pick that up with Insight, but it’s going to be more difficult (i.e., take more time and questions and other actions) to tell if the change because of some sort of loyalty spell, or from fear that the vizier’s secret police are monitoring him, or even just boredom with people pumping him for information about the vizier.

Tells

Some DMs just provide the “tells” the player is seeing, and lets them draw conclusions. “The guy definitely has sweat beading on his forehead.” “Her eyes keep shifting around the room, never quite meeting yours.” “His voice is definitely rising in pitch and intensity.” “She’s tugging at her ear, the same way she was during that card game last night when she had a winning hand.” Things like that.

Of course, “things like that” are actually sort of Perception things — something that can just come out of the DM’s color text or description of the interaction. Insight seems to blend both Perception and Investigation (what is there, and what does it mean) for social interactions. If all the DM gave me was vague physical tics, I’d probably ask for more of what that means to me (and not trust that I the Player understand such things the same way as the DM or module writer).

The nature of Insight — picking up on tells, physical and verbal expressions, etc. — also requires up front you have a way of perceiving and interpreting such things. Dealing with the human barkeep at the tavern is one thing. Trying to read the body language of a gelatinous cube is another.

Even in less extreme situations, Insight might be hampered by unfamiliarity with the target’s customs and culture: shouting and waving around your spear might be an expression of hostility by this never-before-met humanoid, or it might be a ritualized greeting, or a mating display. Insight might still work, but less reliably.

Remote use of Insight

Finally, Insight can be used without the target standing in front of you — picking out a great gift for your girlfriend (or for the prince) based on what they’ve enjoyed in the past, or figuring out how likely the savage Orcish war leader you keep encountering is to attack the city or respond to various counters. I’d probably use a normal Difficulty DC as the opposition, and familiarity (or lack thereof) with the target would be a key in determining how difficult the estimate was.

Overusing Insight

Because it deals with interpersonal relationships, Insight can be easily abused or overused. Overuse of Insight is a bit like overuse of Perception (“I evaluate every person in the bar” is like “I search every room thoroughly”); it’s doable, but should carry some costs (time being a major one, but also something like the likelihood someone is going to catch you staring at them — or their love interest — and take offense).

Overuse also takes away a bit from Role Playing. The DM should be able to use passives to feed needed clues to the players about how people are behaving without their insisting on active Insight rolls, just as they feed visual prompts in the normal course of things rather than players requiring active Perception roles as they walk through town.

Who rolls Insight?

Note: Insight is one of those skills (like Perception, etc.) where sometimes it makes more sense for for the DM to roll it for a character, to determine if you can figure out something, can’t figure out something, or are deceived in your insight about something.

I would suggest as well that, like Perception, Insight can be abused by having everyone gang up about it. “Well, Sue, you can try using Insight to tell whether the merchant is ripping you off.” “Okay, I’ll try that.” “Me, too!” “Rolling Insight.” “Wait, let me do it, too!”

Aside from the fact that everyone rolling Insight means it’s likely someone is going to hit the DC, it’s also unrealistic. Insight depends on observation, focus, and over some period of time. While it’s often invoked mid-encounter (“Is the barkeep being truthful about when the wizard left?”), in most cases it should take some time — some questions, some comments, some jokes, some interpersonal communications to baseline the subject’s reaction. Having a party of 8 trying to do that to one target is unlikely (or suspicious). Aside from the person doing the actual talking, everyone else probably has something else to keep their attention (the guards, that guy in the corner, the gems in the idol, that meal last night, etc.).

Which is still more reason to let the DM do the rolling behind the screen. “Sue, you’re pretty sure he’s marking up the price outrageously, even though you don’t know him that well. Jeff, you think the merchant’s honest, but, to be fair, you were just talking with Mary about what supplies the group needs. Bob, you’ve been shopping for those potions you wanted, so I don’t think you’ve had a chance to figure out anything about how this guy ticks.” At the very least, the likely engagement of individual characters and the time they invest should go into the DC they have to beat with their Insight roll.

Do you want to know more?

Insight 5e: How to Use It Right in DnD (And Better!) – Awesome Dice

Any changes in 5.5e?

Are there changes in how Insight works in 5.5e (2024), rather than 5e?

Actually, for all that 5.5e zeroes in on social interactions (asserting Influence as its own Action, for example), Insight gets very little love, only showing up in the PHB in the 5.5e Skills list, which says only:

Discern a person’s mood and intentions.

Okay, it also shows up in the Search [Action] Vocabulary, where it’s sub-task in such actions is “Thing to Detect: Creature’s state of mind.”

I don’t find any other reference to it in the PHB or in the DMG.

It’s strange to have less information than the previous edition. Weird.

If anyone finds something more, please let me know.

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Initiative and Cunning Plans!

Not surprisingly, a bunch of heroes clustered in a corridor are not quite as coordinated as you might think.

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

So something happened in the game the night before I wrote this up that, at the time, I kind of blew through, but I wanted to give it some thought. This is, of course, just the sort of thing I have sometimes taken justified criticism for overthinking. But it’s a situation we’ve run into more than once, and I’d like to have figure out a rubric for myself to adjudicate against.

And, as a caveat, it’s always worth noting up front that time and combat in D&D are abstractions designed to turn the chaos of real-life combat into something manageable. While a level of verisimilitude is the goal, manageability always trumps that. Just as D&D is not a physics simulator, it’s not a great combat simulator (falling somewhere between an FPS and Chess).

When the slow guy is supposed to lead off the attack

So, here was the sitch: as the party crept up two different sets of stairs to the upper floor where the local BBEG had their throne room, the plan was that Theren the Sorcerer was going to begin combat by lobbing his Vitriolic Sphere into the center of the bad guys.

How should the combat have been sequenced? Even handwaving aside the question of whether anyone knew that Theren was going first (there was probably an excess of allowable coordination between the two subgroups, since they were going up two different sets of stairs and not using any sort of communication magic) …

Did Theren’s action take place outside of the Initiative order? Did his executing the attack start the combat so that’s when everyone rolls Init?
- (Short answer: no.)
Did Theren’s Init get changed to the top of the Initiative order? Since he’s the one initiating the combat?
- (Short answer: still no.)
Did everyone with Init rolls before Theren sort of get skipped over? (That’s what I did, but it effectively means that those higher Init rolls become low Init rolls, which is “unfair”.)
- (Short answer: it should have been “voluntary”)
Did everyone before Theren in the Initiative order (ally and enemy) actually get to go in some fashion before Theren did?
- (Short answer: it should have been that way, yes.)
And did it matter if the bad guys were surprised or not?
- (Short answer: Yes and No. But in this case they were not — the Baroness had perceived you coming up the stairs and called for you to come in and play.)

Warriors! Come out to play!

In 5e, combat takes place with the Order of Combat:

Determine Surprise.
Establish positions.
Roll Initiative.
Take turns in rounds of combat.

In short: Initiative is rolled when combat begins. You can not make an attack outside of Initiative.

So, no, Theren doesn’t get to bypass the Initiative roll, or have his Init moved to the top of the order, or whatever. (Some folk have house rules for this, but that creates its own problems.)

So let’s simplify the situation a bit and say that the top Initiative order, when rolled, was (leaving out other players and bad guy mooks):

20 – William
15 – Baroness BBEG (the enemy)
10 – Theren

The first question is: is there Surprise? This is determined before Initiative is rolled, technically, though I don’t think it makes a difference.

If you’re surprised, you can’t move or take an action on your first turn of the combat, and you can’t take a reaction until that turn ends. A member of a group can be surprised even if the other members aren’t.

So if Baroness BBEG were surprised by this attack out of nowhere in her throne room (ignoring the previous sounds of the battles below), it counters her Initiative to a large degree. The beginning of the combat can be handled this way:

William says he is choosing to Ready an attack if anyone runs up to the top of the stairwell before his next turn. He’s doing this to let Theren get that shot off as agreed, rather than running into the middle of the room and spoil the AoE plans. It’s essentially giving up his turn, but there you go.
Baroness BBEG is Surprised — she’ll effectively see Theren coming, but will be unable to act on her turn. After her turn occurs, she would be able to take a Reaction (if she had Counterspell, she could then use it against Theren’s impending attack), and she will be able to act normally at the beginning of her next turn.
Theren pops up and acid bombs everyone’s ass.

So Surprise mechanics make things simple(r), because they provide for higher-Init enemies to be locked in place (but ready to go next time).

But in the case of the game that triggered this discussion, there was no Surprise (the party simply wasn’t stealthy climbing those stairs). Which means that there is a disconnect between Intent (lob an Vitriolic Sphere before they can act) and Execution (oh, they acted before I could lob my Vitriolic Sphere, because they had better rolls on Initiative). Or, as one site I saw put it:

“If your player wants to stab the bandit in the face before he has time to act, that’s what a high Initiative roll is for, not a Surprise round.”

Without Surprise, it’s Theren starting to move for his guns first, but the other folk outdrawing him.

“But Dave,” you may say, “she couldn’t see Theren before he came up the stairs.” That’s true, but because she isn’t Surprised (i.e., she was aware of a threat, and so ready to act/react), she still is able to act first as she chooses, because her Initiative is higher.

This gets into the whole idea that 6-second Rounds are themselves an abstraction — if there are six people in the room it’s not that Person 1 literally goes in the first second, Person 2 in the second second, etc. It means that within that six second timeframe, Person 1 acts before Person 2, who acts before Person 3, etc. That doesn’t completely match reality, because not everyone is declaring their actions before they happen as in some games (so that higher Initiative folk know what is coming), but it is essentially how 5e abstracts “People running around and into each other with intent to do mayhem.”

So here’s what should happen (should have happened in this simplification of last night):

William does whatever he’s doing — Dodging, Readying an action, casting Spike Growth in the middle of the room to make sure that nobody runs away before Theren can act, whatever. He’s choosing to back Theren’s play, but still moves faster/before Theren does, because he has higher Initiative.
Baroness BBEG “Readies an action.” Because I’m the GM, you don’t get to know what it is (“Chuck my magic spear at the first person atop the stairs over there”). Neener-neener. But she declares this (whispering in the GM’s head) before Theren because she isn’t Surprised and has higher Initiative.
Theren reaches the top of the stairs and turns to cast his spell …
… and Baroness BBEG executes her Readied action (throwing her spear at the first person atop the stairs, Theren, which hits) …
… and, if still alive, Theren throws his Vitriolic Sphere.

(Note: one of the players reminded me afterwards that Theren was Invisible. This gets into Perception checks, Active vs Passive, etc., to deal with his footsteps and verbal components, etc. In which case she might have been Surprised or she might have been aware something screwing was going on and still chucked her spear with Disadvantage against an Invisible foe before Theren could cast his spell (which would then drop his Invis).

Note that Theren could have said, “Well, heck, they aren’t Surprised so someone might plan to attack me” and change his plans from what had been intended. Or maybe, despite his intent and the team’s plans, William might have taken their Action to attack or distract the Baroness, which might have led to another change of plans by Theren. While Initiative lets people act first, the structure of the game from that point means that people are aware of the actions taken previously by people with better Init, allowing them to revise their plans accordingly.

(In the Action Economy, there’s a significant advantage in going first … but after that, Initiative is like Time: just a way to keep everything from happening at once.)

The bottom line is

You can’t easily plan your way into something that is the equivalent of Surprise (“I go before anyone else does”) if there is no Surprise present and you roll a low Initiative. That’s what Initiative is kind of for — if you roll poorly, you go later in the round.
If the other players who would have gone first want to effectively skip/delay their turn (do a Dodge or a Ready or maybe even a Help), that’s their prerogative for the tactical situation.
The enemy is under no such obligation, and if any of them have higher Init than the “this is how I am starting this combat” attacker, they get to do their thing first (which may be standing there in Surprise, or may be shooting you under the table).

Han rolled higher initiative — Even if Greedo intended to fire first.

Here are some articles that touch on this — which, given the volume, shows this is something a lot of GMs fret about, though most of the scenarios here involve Surprise, which, as noted, simplifies the question a lot.

“We get ready to enter the room”

So there’s one more area where this kind of thing has come frequently into play, the “We arrange ourselves at the door and charge in” scenario, when the Doughty Fighters at front roll crap Init (because they used DEX as a dump stat) and everyone queued up behind them rolls better Init than them and basically have to:

Move through the Doughty Fighters (as Difficult Terrain, and potentially exposing themselves to attack, which is kind of why you wanted the Doughty Fighters to run in first).
Ready an Action to move in when the Doughty Fighters have and the space is clear (but not then being able to attack or anything, because Ready only lets you take a single Action or a Move).
Fire ranged attacks past the Doughty Fighters (if the angle through the door cooperates).
Waste their turn.

The bottom line there is: yup, those are kind of your choices when everyone in front of you is slower. Hopefully the bad guys inside the room are Surprised!

So what’s different in 5.5e?

The new 5.5e (2024) rules are fundamentally the same, but with a few differences that can affect the above conversation.

First, Surprise is handled differently. Rather than the sort of complex (and deadly) “Everyone rolls Initiative, but Surprised folk don’t get any sort of actions until their first turn, and then they only get Reaction(s) until their second turn,” instead, it’s “Everyone rolls Initiative, but Surprised folk do so at Disadvantage.”

Much simpler, and it still means Surprised folk may get badly hurt unless they have a very high Init modifier or roll really well. Especially if the folk on the Surprising side have managed their Stealth, successfully Hidden, and therefore get Advantage on their Init rolls.

5.5e also addresses the question discussed above: “How do we let the guy who’s going to initiative combat actually do so?” While still insisting on keeping everything inside the Initiative framework for combat, the new PHB and Basic Rules favor the combat initiator by allowing the DM to give them Advantage on their Initiative roll. The problem can still happen, especially if the party wants to give the first shot to someone who used DEX as a dump stat, but it doesn’t hurt.

Second, squares containing Allies/Friendlies on a grid map are no longer considered Difficult Terrain. That makes clearing the corridor into the room a lot easier, even if folk are not lined up by Initiative (which, technically, they can’t be anyway).

D&D 5e House Rules

I tend to be rule-abiding. But sometimes the rules just aren’t fun. So … sometimes the rules need to change.

So here are the house rules we play with at my table.

I tend to follow the Rules as Written (RAW), sometimes the Rules as Intended (RAI), as makes sense. I’m not big into whole-hog replacing play-tested sub-systems, if only because I’ve seen how easily that can send things heterodyning all over the place.

That said, not all rules are created equal, and things that make for grinding busy-work and management by the player or GM can usually be elided or adjusted when playing with mature individuals who are there for fun.

My House Rules

I use Inspiration. I also encourage players to nominate each other’s characters (or call out their own character to me) to receive Inspiration. It’s a fun mechanic to reward special moments of RP or action.
Bookkeeping that is no fun is no fun.
1. I tend to be loosey-goosey about Material spell components, except for expensive ones. (Verbal and Somatic I do pay attention to.)
2. I tend to be loosey-goosey about encumbrance, unless things look ridiculous.
3. Keep track of your arrows. I mean, it’s not that big a deal. When guidance is needed, I use the “you can recover half your missiles from any combat.”
Dead bodies constitute Difficult Terrain.
We play on a square grid. We use the basic “1 square vertical, horizontal, or diagonal = 5 feet” variant in the PHB 192, rather than the someone more accurate “the first diagonal square is 5 feet, the second is 10, the next is 5, etc.” variant in DMG 252, because it’s just simpler.
Leveling takes place during a Long Rest. Unless for meta purposes it makes sense to do it some other time. But, in general, “I just realized, I know more spells” seems more suitable to happen overnight than while walking down a path.
I prefer Milestone Leveling to getting finicky about XP, dealing with absences from encounters or the table, etc., in ways that leave players unbalanced. Defining adventure goals as the basis for leveling just makes more narrative sense to me, and makes it easier for me and the players.
You take a Short Rest as you Long Rest. So you can be back up some HP if attacked before the end of your Long Rest.
I tend to Roll Actives vs use Passives, since VTTs make it trivial to do so.
You can use a successful Dexterity (Acrobatics) roll to keep you from going prone when you land from a fall, vs a DC equal to the damage you took (stick the landing!).
Flashing Before Your Eyes: Any time you are dying during your turn (other profound incapacitations might apply), the DM (if he remembers or is reminded) will ask you a question about your character or their history. If you answer the question, you get Inspiration.
If an obstacle to your ranged weapon is closer to you than to what you are shooting, you can ignore the obstacle (no cover); otherwise, use the cover rules (usually half-cover, AC+2). I.e., a close obstacle can be easily shot around.
Ranged attacks with altitude difference: (Discussion)
1. thrown/twanged weapon at a higher altitude target: the effective range is the sum of the horizontal and vertical distance
2. thrown/twanged weapon at a lower altitude target: the effective range is the greater of the horizontal or vertical
3. spell: the range is the sum of horizontal and 1/2 the vertical.
People may be assumed to be sleeping in their armor, unless humor or the DM who has a specific reason for it otherwise make a note that it is not so. Changing out of or into armor is time-consuming and Not Fun. If there are no 5e rules penalizing swimming in armor, we can assume that in this world armor is lightweight and comfortable to wear and sleep in.
1. In a similar fashion, it’s assumed peoples’ weapons are always with them, unless it is noted otherwise by players or DMs. That would be socially (and logistically) awkward most of the time, but the alternative is a lot of Not Fun moments.

Concluding Notes

Finally, I always try (though sometimes fail) to remember two things about Rules and D&D:

D&D 5e is not a physics simulator. It’s not even a great combat simulator. Appeals to reality are less important than verisimilitude (feeling like reality), and both of those are less important than keeping the game rolling along smoothly.
The Rule of Cool should always have a place at the table. If someone proposes doing something one-off that is going to be one of those cool moments in a movie that people will talk about for ages … don’t worry about RAW, but remember why you’re all gathered around the table to begin with.

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Help!

You can, in fact, get by with a little Help from your friends.

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

Everybody wants to be the hero.

Every character wants to be the one to land the killing blow.

But sometimes, it’s better to ask for — or give — some help.

A lot of player characters, especially in the support classes, have spells that will enhance other people’s rolls, which is very cool.

But in a sense, everyone has that ability, through the Help action (PHB 192):

Helping with Ability Checks

You can lend your aid to another creature in the completion of a task. When you take the Help action, the creature you aid gains Advantage on the next ability check it makes to perform the task you are helping with, provided that it makes the check before the start of your next turn.

This mechanic is explained more under “Working Together.”

Sometimes two or more characters team up to attempt a task. The character who’s leading the effort–or the one with the highest ability modifier–can make an ability check with advantage, reflecting the help provided by the other characters. In combat, this requires the Help action.

A character can only provide help if the task is one that he or she could attempt alone. For example, trying to open a lock requires proficiency with thieves’ tools, so a character who lacks that proficiency can’t help another character in that task.

Moreover, a character can help only when two or more individuals working together would actually be productive. Some tasks, such as threading a needle, are no easier with help.

So it’s not enough to Help by holding the thief’s tool kit while they are picking the lock, or shouting encouragement to the guy trying to climb a cliff wall. You have to be able to do the thing you are assisting, and describe how you are helping.

What is the difference between Help and Working Together? The former is an action type during combat. As GM, I might be a little lenient on combat-setting “how are you helping?” actions, e.g., “I stand there, looking menacing at the attacking goblins, while screening the Rogue from view as she tries to pick the lock so we can get out of here” (you’re not directly assisting with the lockpicking, but you are sacrificing your action to let the Rogue focus on their without worrying about being stabbed = Advantage!).

Helping with Combat Rolls

More frequently, Help is applied directly to combat situations.

Alternatively, you can aid a friendly creature in attacking a creature within 5 feet of you. You feint, distract the target, or in some other way team up to make your ally’s Attack more effective. If your ally attacks the target before your next turn, the first att⁠ack roll is made with Advantage.

This might be a way, for example …

If you know the opponent has resistance or immunity to your flaming sword, maybe you can be more effective Helping the other fighter who uses a cold-based weapon.
If you know the opponent will be hit harder and more effectively by an ally (because of the nature of their weapon, or just because they have a huge damage bonus on strength), you might consider whether its worth effectively giving up your attack(s) for them to get an attack at Advantage.
If your Rogue wants to get Advantage for their Sneak Attack. Your standing within 5 feet of the target automatically allows the Rogue to Sneak Attack for extra damage; giving them Advantage on the roll through Help is icing on the cake. (See also below, “A Moving Distraction.”)

Note that this not a matter of Reach, but a 5 foot limit. So if someone with a Glaive (a Reach weapon that can attack at 10 feet) wants to provide Help, they need to step in to 5 feet from the opponent.

Also note that Help is just for the first attack (To Hit) roll. That makes it somewhat more useful at lower levels, when you are only sacrificing one attack to make that happen, and the bonus is going to the only attack the attacker has to use.

Help is also usable to assist with spell attacks, granting Advantage on any sort of spell attack roll against that target. Again, the Helper needs to call whom they are helping.

Finally, Help is an action frequently assigned to familiars and animal companions and the like — these often cannot attack, but can be commanded (or urged) to “Help the Fighter!” (“Bark bark!”)

As a GM, I like to encourage players to give me some idea of what they are doing to “help” in this way. “I wave my hands and attract the orc’s attention.” “I feint toward her to grab her attention.” “I shout, ‘Ashtuk, is that you?'” No mechanical effect is applied except the Advantage it provides, but it’s nice color regardless.

Am I Helping a specific attacker?

Yes. Probably. “I am going to Help the Rogue with their attack on the goblin I’m next to,” Not “I’m going to help someone on our side attack the goblin, whoever gets in their blow first.” That seems to be the standard read. In which case, if the Paladin goes after the goblin first, they do not get the Advantage bonus. And if the Rogue decides on a different target, the Help has been wasted.

This has been a matter of dispute, though, even among the game designers, with Jeremy Crawford asserting that you don’t have to identify a specific ally to Help, and Mike Mearls suggesting you do. I read the language (above) as being about “a friendly creature” and “an ally,” which I interpret as being “in particular”; I could see, though, interpreting it “in general.” … so ask your DM!

A Moving Distraction

One final note: It is quite arguably the case that you don’t need to end your movement next to a target in order to use the Help action. You could, in theory, run up to the monster, “Help,” then backpedal away. This has been confirmed by a WotC Sage Advice Compendium:

If you use the Help action to distract a foe, do you have to stay within 5 feet of it for the action to work?
No, you can take the action and then move away. The action itself is what grants advantage to your ally, not your staying next to the foe.

How does that work? Because each round is 6 seconds long, and a lot happens in that 6 seconds. You don’t need to keep standing next to someone to have effectively distracted or feinted toward them within that six seconds.

True, you’ll still an Opportunity Attack unless you can get a Disengage in there some way, like through a Rogue’s Cunning Action. But this can be a handy tactic for Helpers like a familiar owl using its Flyby ability.

(Note that Sneak Attack makes it very clear that the 5-foot proximity alternative to getting Advantage, to allow a Sneak Attack, needs to be measured at the time the Rogue is attacking. So you can’t just run by a target and have them suited for a Sneak Attack on the Rogue’s later turn … but you can run by, doing as Help as you pass, and the Rogue will then have Advantage and therefore be able to Sneak Attack the target even if nobody is standing next to them.)

So is this different in 5.5e?

Why, yes, yes it is.

The basics are much the same in 5.5e (2024) as in 5e. Info on the Help action can be found under Actions in the PHB and Basic Rules “Playing the Game.” The Summary for Help is short, sweet, and to the point:

Help another creature’s ability check or attack roll, or administer first aid.

In more detail, in the Vocabulary “Help [Action]” item talks about these.

Helping on a task

Assist an Ability Check. Choose one of your skill or tool proficiencies and one ally who is near enough for you to assist verbally or physically when they make an ability check. That ally has Advantage on the next ability check they make with the chosen skill or tool. This benefit expires if the ally doesn’t use it before the start of your next turn. The DM has final say on whether your assistance is possible.

The main difference here from 5e is being more precise about when you are qualified to Help someone — the answer being, if you have Proficiency with the skill or tool they are using (rolling on).

Again, you don’t have to be standing next to them: you can yell advice to someone using Athletics to climb that rock wall (“Don’t grab that brown rock — go for the black one next to it!”) as well as help your Rogue pick a lock … if you have Proficiency in doing the activity yourself.

Helping in Combat

Assist an Attack Roll. You momentarily distract an enemy within 5 feet of you, giving Advantage to the next attack roll by one of your allies against that enemy. This benefit expires at the start of your next turn.

The notes written about 5e above still pertain except that you are clearly not helping a specific ally with the attack, but any “one of your allies” (the next one who attacks that target).

That might in turn argue that if you are playing in 5e (2014) still, this new, clearer read should be treated as a clarification of, not a change to, the 5e ambiguity about this. Ask your DM.

Anything else?

It’s not mentioned in the Vocabulary, but the Summary mentions “administer first aid”. This actually refers to Stabilizing a Character, which reads:

You can take the Help action to try to stabilize a creature with 0 Hit Points, which requires a successful DC 10 Wisdom (Medicine) check.

Stabilizing is the lowest level of medical care, basically stopping the still-unconscious person to stop bleeding out. Using a medical kit or or administering first aid (which will bring someone back to consciousness) takes more time.

There’s additional (or parallel) information in the Group Checks article.

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Grappling and Restraint!

Grappling and Restraint sound similar, but aren’t. How do you make them work for you?

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. Notes on 5.5e (2024) rules are included below.

Questions about this pop up sooner or later in every campaign, as it’s an area that 5e either does fine or poorly, depending on which online forum you go to or specific question you examine.

So what happens when instead of bashing each other with hunks of steel or eldritch energies, you get up-close and personal

You can attack to Grapple

This is discussed on PHB 195. Essentially you use one of your Attacks to make a skill contest:

Attacker: roll Strength (Athletics)
Defender: roll Strength (Athletics) or Dexterity (Acrobatics)

In other words, Grapplers need to be a lot better at that skill, or be pretty darned strong.

If you win, the target is Grappled (technically, has the Grappled condition, PHB 290).

Which, honestly, doesn’t do much. It basically reduces Speed to 0, even if the target has other features that increase its speed beyond base.

But a grappled target can still punch grappler, stab them, etc. They are more restrained by being within 5′ of their grappler (which gives them Disadvantage on spell attacks or ranged attacks), but melee attacks are just fine.

Grappling does keep the grappled target from running away until help arrives or until the target breaks the Grapple. They can try that by taking their Action to roll Strength (Athletics) or Dexterity (Acrobatics) vs the grappler’s Strength (Athletics) again.

The grappler can also slowly (half speed) drag a grappled target with them — or continue attacking them at close range (with no particular advantage, and with the same disadvantages).

Note:

When you have Grappled someone, you are not yourself considered Grappled.
When you have Grappled someone, you are using up one hand (the other hand is considered free for attacks, etc.)

Aside from breaking free of the Grapple through a contest, it can also be broken by:

The grappler being Incapacitated.
An effect knocking the grappled target out of the reach of the grappler or the Grappling effect, e.g., being knocked away by a Thunderwave.

Note there is a Grappler feat you can take. This gives you Advantage on attack rolls against someone you are grappling, and the opportunity to pin (restrain) someone (through another grapple check).

5.5e handles this a little more simply.

Grappling is part of the Unarmed Strike category, but instead of doing damage on a hit, and rather than an Athletics/Acrobatics contest (5.5e hates contests), the target has to make a Strength or Dexterity save vs a DC of (8 + attacker’s STR mod + attacker’s Proficiency Bonus). It’s simpler dice rolling, though the attacker will need to provide some numbers to make it work.

Once grappled, a player can keep the grapple, attack the target (with a hand not in use), move the target, or release.

The target can escape by using their action for a Strength (Athletics) or Dexterity (Acrobatics) check vs. that same DC.

The Grappled condition in 5.5e adds to it:

Grappled creatures have Disadvantage to attack rolls against anyone other than their grappler.
If you move someone you have grappled, instead of halving your speed, each foot costs an extra foot of speed — similar to difficult terrain, which means it stacks with it. (This doesn’t apply when the Grappler is two sizes or more larger than the Grappled.)

Once Grappled, someone can use a Utilize and a pair of manacles to bind a Small/Medium Grappled (or Incapacitated, or Restrained) creature on a Dexterity (Sleight of Hand) check against DC 13.

The Grappler feat is also rewritten. Once per turn if you hit with an Unarmed Strike, you can both do damage and try to Grapple them. You have Advantage to attack creatures you have grappled, and you can move them around at normal speed (if your size or smaller). (It also gives you +1 ASI for Strength or Dexterity.)

What if more than one person at a time is Grappling you?

While executing a Grapple takes one Attack (of however many you have within your Attack action), escaping a Grapple takes an entire Action. If more than one person has you Grappled, you can only escape one Grapple per turn … which means tag-teaming Grapplers can seriously cause you a problem.

Monster and Spell Grapples and Restraints

This is where things get a little tricky. Or more straightforward. You decide. The Grappled and Restrained conditions are quite separate, but come up a lot in spell and monster attacks: e.g., a Giant Octopus you Grappled with its tentacles; a Web spell causes the Restrained condition (PHB 292).

Just like with a Grapple, a Restrained creature’s speed becomes 0, and it can’t use any bonus to its speed.
Attack rolls against the Restrained target have Advantage, and the their attack rolls have Disadvantage.
The Restrained target also has Disadvantage on Dexterity saving throws.

(5.5e does the same thing with its Restrained condition.)

(Note that the Grappler feat lets the grappler get Advantage on the Grappled target — but, more interestingly, it lets a grappler roll a second Grapple attack, which, if it succeeds, means both the grappler and the grappled target are both Restrained. Which actually seems kinda sucky.)

So, Dave, how do I do something useful with this?

Grappling by itself is kind of limited in what it can do. But with a little work, it can make an effective attack. So how do you grab an opponent and actually subdue him.

The vast consensus I’ve read on this is Grapple them (so they can’t get away) and then do a Shove attack (PHB 195, same Ability checks as the Grapple) to knock them Prone …

… at which point they get the Prone condition’s effects (PHB 292), and as Prone:

they can only crawl (but not if they’re Grappled and at speed 0!)
or they can get up (but not if they’re Grappled and at speed 0!)
they are at a Disadvantage to attack (Prone!)
attacks on them have Advantage (Prone!)
… and they probably have to use their whole Action to try to desperately break the Grapple.

People have created whole builds around this.

Are you, the attacker, also Prone at that point? A good question. Consensus seems to be “No, but describe what you are doing to your DM.” I’d think of it as the arm twist behind the guy on the ground; you’re enough on your feet that you are not considered Prone, and can defend attacks normally (albeit with one hand), etc.

Given that, as long as you maintain this, you can continue attacking the Grappled+Prone guy and other folk can attack them, too, with Advantage, and that should distract them from attacking you back (as they desperately try to break the Grapple).

Consensus is that Grappling is much better (when by the players) in 5.5e (2024) than 5e. Monks, especially, are seen as natural beneficiaries of this.

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Flanking, Facing, and Fumbling!

And now some rules I DON’T use

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. Also included are for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

One of D&D 5e’s strengths is trying to keep things simple. There’s a fair amount of complexity, but after 4e’s highly tactical structure, 5e leans on the KISS principle where it can.

That said, the DMG provides all sorts of optional rules that can add in a bit of crunchiness to things, or a bit of complexity (fun fact: Feats are optional rules.). Early on in my Princes of the Apocalypse campaign, I decided the following would not be part of my game, and I had no regrets.

Flanking

I gave some very serious thought to using the optional Flanking rules from the DMG (p. 251):

Flanking on Squares. When a creature and at least one of its allies are adjacent to an enemy and on opposite sides or corners of the enemy’s space, they flank that enemy, and each of them has advantage on melee attack rolls against that enemy.

When in doubt about whether two creatures flank an enemy on a grid, trace an imaginary line between the centers of the creatures’ spaces. If the line passes through opposite sides or corners of the enemy’s space, the enemy is flanked.

I’ve been playing D&D with miniatures my entire gaming career (hex and squares), so the whole “Theater of the Mind” that 5e tries to get back to after the uber-tactical 4e is, for me, just not something I can do. As such, Flanking (which was big in 3, 3.5, and 4) feels natural. “Get on either side of that dude; he can’t protect himself from all directions.”

The consensus (though not unanimous) conclusion of the Internet is that the 5e Flanking rule doesn’t work well:

Advantage is too big of an, um, advantage for this (“Advantage is an enormous benefit that lands 13 or higher 50% of the time, is almost twice as likely to crit, and has 1/20th times as likely to botch.”).
Maneuverability in combat is now easy enough (previous editions allowed Opportunity Attacks when walking around an opponent) that Flanking allows Advantage to come up too often, unbalancing everything (and deprecating a lot of other rules / Feats / actions that provide Advantage).

It’s been suggested that, as a house rule, rather than Advantage, a small uptick in the To Hit could be given (e.g., +1 or +2). This, though, flies in the face of 5e’s philosophy to avoid those endless kind of plusses/minuses that became overwhelming (it’s thought) in 4e and slowed everything down; that was the point of the Advantage/Disadvantage rules. (Roll20 makes it a little easier, but I understand their point.)

One suggestion I’ve also seen is that the Help move (PHB 192) takes the place of Flanking:

Alternatively, you can aid a friendly creature in attacking a creature within 5 feet of you. You feint, distract the target, or in some other way team up to make your ally’s attack more effective. If your ally attacks the target before your next turn, the first attack roll is made with advantage.

Help is way-underutilized as a move; for player characters, there’s always a “But I want to be the one to hit him!” feeling. But the suggestion has been made that, esp. against a powerful opponent, this maneuver actually does more net good by helping a high-damage person hit more reliably, and its use doesn’t break anything.

So, for the time being, I don’t do the optional Flanking rules.

(Flanking was not included in the new PHB or DMG for 5.5e, even as an optional rule.)

Facing

I am also don’t using the optional Facing rules (DMG 252), which are pretty crunchy and, honestly, are more of a PitA on a VTT because of the need to define facing of, and perform rotation on, the tokens. 5e has a sort of situational awareness vibe going on, and, as an Ease of Use rule, I’m fine with that.

(Facing was also not included in the new PHB or DMG for 5.5e, even as an optional rule. 5.5e dropped a lot of optional rule suggestions from the new DMG.)

Fumbling

This isn’t actually a 5e optional rule, but I grew up with Fumbling — having some sort of ill effect happen on a Nat 1, beyond just missing — being a Big Thing, and everyone sill always laughs about what happens when someone (preferably not them) rolls really poorly.

(A Nat 1 in combat is an automatic miss, which is about as Fumbly as 5e is willing to go.)

I eventually ran accross a ThinkDM article with the best reason for not having Fumbles (Nat 1 rolls) “do something bad,” especially in combat.

As characters advance, they get (in most classes) the ability to make multiple attacks each turn. This is particularly true with Fighters, who eventually can be making four attacks in a turn.But if you have a 5% (1/20) chance of fumbling in any given attack, the cumulative chances of fumbling in a round begin to climb …

Fumble chances with multiple attacks — Wait, what?

Missing is bad enough; a more disastrous effect becomes counterintuitive. Or, as the article notes, “A level 20 Fighter shouldn’t be dropping their weapon every 30 seconds.”

(A thought that comes to mind is having the “fumble” effect/table kick in only on the last attack of someone’s chain. So our intrepid fighter still only has a 5% chance in any given round, and if they want to play it uber-safe, they can sacrifice their last attack as they “take their time.” I’m not going to do that, but it would ameliorate a lot of the concern.)

Of course, a lot of that depends on the fumble table one uses. This was a matrix that described the “special effect” that came with a fumble — not just a miss, but a humiliating miss. This one, from the Arduin Grimoire, was all the rage back in my college days (though in those distant times it was rendered in cuneiform on clay tablets):

Arduin Grimoire Hargraves Fumble Table — Ouch

It was a simpler, more blood-thirsty time.

Still, at the level of abstraction 5e runs at, there’s really no good cause for this that can’t be covered by color text or, in case of a real run of bad luck, a symbolic penalty of some sort. That’s up to the GM to adjudicate.

Anyway, math.

ADDENDUM: Here’s an additional ThinkDM rule idea: a Fumble only occurs if you fumble all of your attacks on your turn. That means that higher-level folk are much, much less likely, though it can be, um, very unfortunate for a 1st level fighter.

An even better alternative raised in the comments there would be to have a Crit or a Fumble provide Advantage/Disadvantage for the next roll for 1 turn. If I were going to adopt anything as a house rule (which I don’t think I am), it would probably be this last one.

D&D 5e/5.5E Rules – Falling!

Into every game some character must fall.

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. I have also added notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

Sooner or later, a question of falling comes up. Maybe it’s a pit trap, or a shove off a bridge, or an unsuccessful jump, or an expired flying spell, or …

It’s (always) a good time to remember that the goal of 5e is not to recreate actual physics, but to provide easy, quick, workable verisimilitude, generally favoring the players. The falling rules are a good example of this.

The basics

The basic rule is simple:

At the end of a fall, a creature takes 1d6 bludgeoning damage for every 10 feet it fell, to a maximum of 20d6.

The creature lands Prone, unless it avoids taking damage from the fall.

(In 5.5e, the Falling (Hazard) is similar.)

It can’t be that simple, right?

Hans Gruber falling in Die Hard — Fun Fact: Alan Rickman was dropped before he was expecting it, leading to some great facial expressions as he fell.

Of course, that raises other questions, many of which are answered in optional DMG/XGE/TCE rules.

You will “instantly” fall up to 500 feet in the turn you begin falling. You then fall an additional 500 feet at the end of each succeeding turn.
- This mean no intervention by self or others during that first 500 feet if you don’t have a Reaction ability (such as Featherfall).
- But after that everyone, including yourself, may be able to do something.
- Note that though you fall 500 feet, you reach terminal velocity (so to speak) after only 200, given a max damage of 20d6.
- From a physics perspective, in five seconds you will fall 180m, or 590 feet, so this is actually pretty realistic, at least that first turn.
Flying creatures that need to actively move to fly will fall if they are (a) knocked prone, (b) have speed reduced to 0, or (c) lose the ability to move. If the creature is noted as being able to hover, or is being held aloft by some spell effect, this doesn’t apply.
(In 5.5e, this is framed, “While flying, you fall if you have the Incapacitated or Prone condition or your Fly Speed is reduced to 0. You can stay aloft in those circumstances if you can hover.”)
- The first round they will fall 500 feet minus their current flying speed.
- In the case of the “prone” condition, they can on their next turn (if the ground doesn’t intervene) “get up” (using half their movement) to recover.
If you fall into water, make a Strength (Athletics) or Dexterity (Acrobatics) check; if you succeed, damage is reduced by half, per TCE. (Ditto for 5.5e.)
If you fall onto another creature, per TCE, the target must succeed on a DC 15 Dexterity save to avoid being impacted by the falling creature:
- Any damage resulting from the fall is divided evenly.
- The impacted creature is knocked Prone, unless it is 2+ sizes larger than the falling creature.
- I’d rule that intentionally falling onto another creature probably takes an Dexterity (Acrobatics) check (perhaps against their AC?).
- This is different from creatures that attack by dropping onto their targets or leaping onto them from above. They will often have specific rules about damage they might take when doing so (e.g., the Piercer).

How do you avoid falling damage?

A number of ways.

The Featherfall spell is cheap and easy and is cast as a Reaction, reducing falling speed to 60 feet/round, and landing you gently on your feet. It can affect up to 5 targets within 60 feet, including yourself, and lasts for a minute. (Pretty much ditto in 5.5e.)
The Monk ability Slow Fall feature is possibly a bit misnamed, but essentially you can use it as a Reaction to reduce falling damage by an amount of Monk Level x 5 hp. (Pretty much ditto in 5.5e.)
- Earlier editions required something to slow you down (grabbing the wall, tree branches, etc.), but 5e does not; think of it as a three-point “hero landing.”

The Enhance Ability spell lets you pick “Cat’s Grace” as its DEX version. Among other things, it means the recipient “doesn’t take damage from Falling 20 feet or less if it isn’t Incapacitated.” (The 5.5e version of this does not include this ability.)
Using a Fly spell (etc.) will help, but only if it’s a fall of over 500 feet, otherwise you won’t have a chance to cast it before hitting the ground (unless you can cast it as a Reaction). (The 5.5e version does the same.)
There are a variety of abilities that let you reduce damage to yourself or others that seem to apply here, e.g., Spirit Shield, Bastion of Law, Guardian Coil, Song of Defense.
Anything that gives you resistance/immunity to bludgeoning damage will likely help here, depending on how it operates.
Note that someone else using a Slow spell won’t help, as the falling creature‘s speed isn’t a factor in the damage or distance. (It doesn’t completely make sense, but them’s the rules).
Note that Athletics/Acrobatics do not, by RAW, do anything around reducing falling damage, though they have in previous editions. That’s all physics, baby. (Ditto in 5.5e.)
- I would, though, support a house rule that a successful Dexterity (Acrobatics) roll vs. a DC equal to the damage you took might keep you from going Prone (sticking the landing!).

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Element vs Element!

When magic attacks “opposite” magic, things can get a little weird.

Know the Rules Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. Notes on 5.5e (2024) rules are interwoven in this discussion.

Okay, this is going to meander a bit.

Magical Water vs Magical Fire.

Can a magical water spell (or magical air/gust spell) drown (blow out) a magical fire spell?

The idea of this sort of encounter is natural, but the guidance from the rules is unclear.

Suggestion: Things can be countered unless it says they can’t be.

Take a Continual Flame spell:

The effect looks like a regular flame, but it creates no heat and doesn’t use oxygen. A continual flame can be covered or hidden but not smothered or quenched.

There is explicit text here saying that such flames cannot be smothered or quenched (largely because it seems that this is not a true flame, but an illusory flame light source). Fine. If something is written with such an immunity, they are immune. If not, they are as quenchable as normal flames.

5.5e (2024): The same text is used.

Suggestion: Things are only countered if it says they are.

Rules As Written (RAW) philosophy is pretty literal. If a spell has an effect, the spell spells that out in its description. If it’s not mentioned, it’s not an actual effect.

So, for example, Gust of Wind, Create/Destroy Water, and Prestidigitation all explicitly state they can snuff flame. If a spell doesn’t mention that as an effect, it doesn’t happen.

(Note that these often specify “unprotected flames” — not drawing a distinction between a magical vs natural flame.)

5.5e (2024): The same is true for the write-ups in the new edition spells.

Suggestion: Things can be countered if the counter-spell is a higher level than the original spell.

This is inspired by the Light/Dark setup. Darkness (2nd level) notes:

Nonmagical light can’t illuminate it. … If any of this spell’s area overlaps with an area of light created by a spell of 2nd level or lower, the spell that created the light is dispelled.

5.5e (2024): The Darkness spell reads:

If any of this spell’s area overlaps with an area of Bright Light or Dim Light created by a spell of level 2 or lower, that other spell is dispelled.

So there’s (in this case) some sort of “This quashing power is equal or greater to the power being quashed, so score” effect. This is a potential problem, though, because …

Curse you, Magic Items!

Magical items (or magical features of dungeon rooms) are often written without any indication of what spell effect they use, or what they are/aren’t immune to, or what level such a spell would be.

Take the case of the magical burning spears wielded by Razorblasts in the Princes of the Apocalypse campaign. The Razorblasts can turn them on or off (though it isn’t indicated how), but there’s not even instruction on what would happen if a party member picked one up and wanted to use it. Some of the Earth Cult weaponry in that module is explicitly Earth Cult magic-specific, but that’s not the case with the fire effects noted. Are the flames an attribute of the Razorblasts, derived from the worship of Imyx, or enchantments on the spears themselves? Only the DM know for sure (or guesses quickly).

There isn’t even a canonical weapon rule or example to draw from for something like those spears. The Flame Tongue weapons do more damage than the spears did. The Flame Blade 2nd level spell does as well (and is a weapon substitute, not enhancement).

Based on the above, the magical effect on the spears (which was +1d6 fire) is some sort of specialized elemental 1st level effect.

Okay, so it should be arguably easy to quench them, right?

But magic fire is not the same as physical fire. If you throw a bucket of water on a torch, the torch goes out, and trying to re-light it will be a pain because the fuel (the torch) is wet. But a blade that can have a magical fire turned on — well, the bucket of water will arguably quench it, but once the water is gone, it can be retriggered, unless the item’s rules have some weird “once a day” rule.

So what does this all mean?

It means doing some quick vamping as GM when someone creates one of these conflicts.

For example, you are in a room that has magical columns that, on a command word, begin to glow with a fiery heat, doing damage to anyone nearby. The amount of damage is spelled out. Nothing else is. (This, too, is from Princes of the Apocalypse). Jackie the Cleric casts a Big Wall of Water Spell (whatever) at the opponents in the in a room with magical columns.

It should have no direct effect on the magical columns, though, because those aren’t a flame source. Color text of special effects of steam and maybe therefore vision obscuring occurs. (Indeed, “I want to cover our withdrawal by shooting a big wall of water at the magma pillars” is a Rule-of-Cool clever idea that would probably net some Inspiration.)

It also knocks out the flames of the magical spears. But as of the opponents’ next turn start, they can reignite them because the water is not existing in perpetuity about their spearheads, and the momentary spell only overrides the permanent enchantment temporarily.

What, by the way, makes damage “magical”?

Slight digression, though it’s related to the topic. Let’s say William drops a Tidal Wave on people’s heads. Is that magical damage?

I mean, obviously, manifesting a huge block of water in the middle of a room is a magical effort (it’s a magical spell, in fact), but is the bludgeoning damage produced “magical”? Or is it effectively the same as produced by a mechanical trap that dumps a similar huge block of water over people?

5e goes with the following rubric to determine if something (including damage) is magical (via the Sage Advice Compendium):

Determining whether a game feature is magical is straightforward. Ask yourself these questions about the feature:

Is it a magic item?

Is it a spell? Or does it let you create the effects of a spell that’s mentioned in its description?

Is it a spell attack?

Is it fueled by the use of spell slots?

Does its description say it’s magical?

If your answer to any of those questions is yes, the feature is magical.

So is a Tidal Wave‘s attack is considered magical for purposes of “immune to bludgeoning damage not from a magical attack?” The answer is, it seems, “Yes,” because, for example, it is fueled by the use of spell slots. Even though, yes, there is no functional difference between it and a ceiling trap that drops a similar amount of water in a similar pattern.

5.5e (2024): The definition for “Magical Effect” is:

An effect is magical if it is created by a spell, a magic item, or a phenomenon that a rule labels as magical.

What about the Infamous Tidal Wave vs Fire Elemental debate?

What happens if you cast a Tidal Wave at a Fire Elemental?

This is a debate only because

Tidal Wave has a calculable volume (but weird physics and dynamics to figure out impacts on surface areas, etc., which means you only take a fraction of that), and
Fire Elementals have a unique vulnerability / damage accrual measured by gallon and/or depth of water.

I have seen Reddit calculations from 6 hp damage to 25,000ish hp damage from such an attack, depending on the estimated surface area of a Fire Elemental and assertions as to how TW attacks work.

Rather than a bunch of crazy calculations (which are anathema to 5e), I as the DM would likely say, “It does its normal Bludgeoning damage (4d8), which the Fire Elemental Resists. However, it does double that amount (8d8) in Cold damage because the Fire Elemental is made of fire and is vulnerable to water. Also, the Fire Elemental doesn’t go Prone because they are immune to that Condition.”

So probably no insta-kill for a 3rd level spell, sorry, but a butt-load of insta-damage, multiplied by every Fire Elemental in the area.

A OneD&D Note

This isn’t actually confirmed, but looking at the materials released so far regarding race-based magic, it looks like those rules may address some of the above, not just because it’s all kind of confusing, but because rather than arbitrary magical effects, documented magical spells are being used instead. That’s actually a good thing. Hopefully they will follow through with clearer answers and mechanics for all this.

5.5e (2024): Things actually ended up the opposite of what was mooted in early “OneD&D” playtest material. Creatures (including Player Character races) that previously had spell-based powers now get those powers laid out and a recharge die roll given for them.

On one level, that’s a good thing: it keeps the DM from having to quick consult spell information and keep track of spell slots. On another, it does create problems with consistent rulings on various forms of magic.

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Death (and Unconsciousness)!

Death comes for us all. But not necessarily this battle.

Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

The point (very generally speaking) of D&D is to make the opponent worry about death. But it’s important for players to know about the rules, too, especially as they’ve changed since editions gone by.

Death (and Unconsciousness)

It’s important to understand a bit how down-and-out damage works in 5e. There’s no such thing as “going negative” here. When you drop to 0 HP (the bottom, you can’t go lower), you fall Unconscious (PHB 292): you’re Incapacitated, can’t move, can’t speak, are unaware, drop anything being carried, fail all Strength and Dexterity Saves … and Attacks against you have Advantage, and any hit is considered a Crit if attacked from 5 feet away.

But that’s the least worry you have. Because one of two things happen:

If the damage was so massive that the extra damage (theoretically beyond 0) equals or exceeds your HP maximum, you are dead, dead, dead.
Tick-tock …

If not, then you are “just” bleeding out, and need to start making Death Saves each turn (PHB 197). If you start a turn at 0 HP and are not yet stabilized, roll 1d20.
- On 10+, you succeed. Three total success, you become stable and will live.
- On 1-9, you fail (a nat 1 counts as two fails). Three total fails, you are dead, dead, dead.
- On a nat 20, you immediately gain back 1 HP and can regain consciousness.

If someone intervenes with a DC 10 Wisdom (Medicine) check, it will stabilize you, ending the Death Save checks.

Note that if someone inflicts further damage on you while unconscious, it counts as a Death Save failure; a crit (which is the auto-result of a hit from within 5′) counts as two fails. This also restarts the Death Save process. And if you take damage at 0 that is equal or greater than your normal number of HP, you die.

A stable creature stays at 0, Unconscious. It will heal 1 hp (and regain consciousness) in 1d4 hours (this does not count as a Short Rest). Healing spells are, of course, welcome to accelerate this process.

Note that this technically happens to the bad guys as well; the presumption, though, is hitting 0 kills a bad guy (they either fail their Death Saves, or you go around slitting throats after the battle). Best not to dwell on it. Powerful / significant enemies might get a Death Save process.

Taking Advantage on Death Saves

It seems clear that you can use Inspiration to gain Advantage on a Death Save (as it is, in fact, a saving throw, just not one associated with any Ability).

Indeed, as people can gift each other with their Inspiration, other folk could feed their Inspiration to a dying party member (“Don’t you die on me, man! Don’t you die on me!”)

As far as that goes, anything that helps on saving throws helps on a Death Save. So a Bless spell would work, too.

Knocking someone unconscious

Whether you want to avoid being a murder-hobo, or want to interrogate a prisoner who won’t surrender, you can intentionally knock someone out instead of death on opponents. (Vice-versa, too.)

You simply declare, on any melee (martial or spell) attack that would have killed someone, that you are instead knocking them Unconscious (PHP 292) at the moment when the DM would say they’re dead. You don’t have to proclaim “subduing” damage in advance or anything; beating someone into unconsciousness is very much the same as beating them to death: it’s all in what you do after they fall down.

A foe rendered Unconscious this way is considered stable. They will wake up (regaining 1 hp) in 1d4 hours. You can leave them behind, bind them and leave them behind, or change your mind and gack them. If you want to interrogate them, then you either need to wait, or use some healing magic on them.

Raising the Dead

There are a variety of spells that can bring back dead folk. There’s a good article here on it. In summary:

The Time Limit is how long after death the spell can be used. Note that Gentle Repose (Cleric or Paladin, 3rd lvl spell) can extend the time limit for a raise spell by 10 days if cast within the time limit for that raise spell.

1200px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Dance_of_Death_(CCLXIIIIv) — Dancing with Death

As implied under Spellcasting Services (PHB 159), these revivifying spells are not the sort of thing that you find being cranked out at your local temple, and even in a Big City they’re not a commodity service. Stolen souls, headless bodies, lack of bodies, death by fire, being turned undead, can all block some of these spells. Missing body parts can be an issue. Finding a 500gp diamond might not be easy, either. And many of these spells have consequences — limits on what they can restore (see article), being Necromantic in nature (ew), or the services that will be requested in return. (And clerical spells, esp. high level ones, have to be cast to a purpose sanctioned by the deity involved.)

Which isn’t to say it can’t happen, but don’t think of all this as the wild and wooly AD&D days when raising up dead PCs garnered as little consideration as murder-hoboing a complex (if wholly illogical) underground ecosystem.

So does any of this change under 5.5e?

The basic progression of 0 HP –> Death Saves and how all that works is mostly the same.

There are minor changes in death-undoing spells. Reincarnate incorporates the updated species options in the PHB. Resurrection no longer cures non-magical diseases.

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Cover!

Hiding behind things is natural in combat. The rules are sometimes not so natural.

Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

Like all things 5e, WotC set out to simplify the mechanics of how people were protected out on the battlefield by various objects.

5e set up basically four conditions:

no cover / uncovered (the default)
half cover
three-quarters cover
total cover.

The first and last usually get treated separately. It’s the partial covers in the middle that are of most interest here.

It’s difficult to talk about cover separated from a battle-map. Or, rather, if you are just running Theater of the Mind, cover is a matter of the GM asserting it (or agreeing to player assertions about it) by fiat. A lot of the below will depend on working on a square grid (extensible to a hex grid, if one likes; check out the DMG pages referenced below).

How about a drawing and a table?

Half and Three-Quarters Cover — Cover diagram from the DMG, p. 250 (Source)

The key here as to what cover a target has is counting the points on any one of their squares from any of the points in your square to see how many are blocked.

So here are the effects of cover on attacks, based on the rules here. This most often comes into play with Ranged attacks (including Spells), but

Points Blocked	Cover Type	AC and DEX Saves	Examples
1-2	*Half*	+2	Low wall, large furniture, narrow tree trunk, or a creature* (friend or enemy) directly in front of them
3-4	*Three-Quarter*	+5	Portcullis, arrow slit, thick tree trunk. Any of the target visible.

^{*A creature at least half as large as the target standing next to them. But … see my House Rules below.}

Points Blocked: As in the diagram above, on a grid, choose a (most favorable) corner of the attacker’s space. Trace a line from that corner to each of the corners of a square (any one) the target occupies. Based on how many of those points are blocked, you can determine the level of cover.

So if any of the points are blocked, there is at least Half Cover. But also note that, even if the all the corners are blocked (e.g., the target is behind an arrow slit), if you can see any of the target, it’s in Three-Quarter cover.

Total Cover: A target that cannot at all be seen / is completely concealed cannot be targeted by an attack or spell (though some spells can reach it in an Area of Effect — Fireballs, for example). Total Cover also starts to invoke rules for Hiding and the like.

Sizes of the characters involved can affect this (Small creatures behind larger creatures, etc.).

Multiple Covers provide the most difficult cover level. Arguably shooting an arrow past four people is more difficult than shooting an arrow past one person, but the KISS principle applies. As GM you can rule a cluster of Half Covers equal a Three-Quarters Cover, but the Rules As Written say that it’s still only Half Cover.

Combat and Cover at Corners

Consider the case in the picture — Fighter and Kenku squaring off (so to speak) at an architectural corner. Do the have cover from each other?

It might seem so, especially since the Move rules for grids indicate you can’t move through such a corner (PHB 192):

Corners. Diagonal movement can’t cross the corner of a wall, large tree, or other terrain feature that fills its space.

But for combat purposes, there’s no cover, because the kenku can take his top two corners (or the fighter his right two) and see (allowing for map/grid irregularities) along the wall all the other points of the opponent’s square.

It seems counter-intuitive, but there you are. Similar rulings can be made around doorways (the three squares on the other side of a 5-foot door have no cover from someone standing in the doorway on the other side, treating walls has having no thickness).

House Rule: Proximity to the Obstacle

Proximity to the Obstacle: Rules as Written say that obstacle are obstacles. My House Rule is a little more nuanced:

The attacker can ignore Half or Three-Quarter Cover if the attacker is closer to the obstacle than the target.

It’s all a matter of perspective. If an ally is right in front of me, I can weave around in my 5-foot square to get a clear shot; if they are right in front of the target, they provide much better cover for that target.

Take three examples that I will, for no particular reason, label as William (W) and Moony (M) dealing with a Goblin (G).

1) W---------->MG
2) WM---------->G
3) W-----M----->G

The normal use case is #1, where Moony is up there whomping on the Goblin, and William is behind, shooting a bow at the Goblin. That’s pretty clear; the Goblin gets Half Cover from Moony against William’s bow shot.

Consider case #2, where Moony was right in front of William. The penalty shouldn’t count here; it’s easy in a 5-foot space for William to shoot past Moony at the Goblin, adjust to shoot over Moony’s shoulder or to one side or the other. Assuming Moony isn’t doing jumping jacks in front of William, and is of a comparable size, that makes sense.

Use case #3 — where Moony is midway between William and the Rat is a bit more dodgy (so to speak). The angle to shoot around Moony is more difficult, though not as difficult as when Moony is right in front of the Rat.

So, what’s the ruling here? 5e would treat all three circumstances as providing cover, but I don’t like that. So I’ll borrow from the 3.5e rules:

Attacker can ignore the cover if he’s closer to the obstacle than his target.

At least as applies to Half and Three-Quarter Cover. In case #1, cover rules apply; in case #2, they do not; in case #3, William would need to take a step forward to fire and ignore the cover.

Some Other Notes

Note this is one of the few cases were 5e bakes in bonuses (vs using Advantage/Disadvantage). Assuming Advantage gives you about a +4 on a roll (it varies), that becomes too crude a measure for this.
There is a Variant Rule (DMG 272) about the chances of hitting the cover if you miss your target. KISS, man. Also, we’ll assume that people are being particularly careful not hit their allies.
Note that the Sharpshooter and Spell Sniper feats basically do away with Cover for their user. That’s pretty cool.

Update: OneD&D

In “Unearthed Arcana 2022 – Expert Classes,” the Hide action is allowed when behind Three-Quarters or Total Cover. The Sharpshooter and Spell Sniper feats ignore Half and Three-Quarters Cover, as in 5e.

But what about 5.5e?

Things are pretty much the same in 5.5e (2024), with just a few things different.

5.5e doesn’t like pretty pictures of grids or counting points. Instead it provides a table and some very generic definitions (vs. examples).

Cover now works against Fireballs, rather than those flooding through any opening. There are also some changes in other spells (check your spell list!).

In 5e, Fireball reads:

A bright streak flashes from your pointing finger to a point you choose within range and then blossoms with a low roar into an explosion of flame. Each creature in a 20-foot-radius sphere centered on that point must make a Dexterity saving throw. […] The fire spreads around corners.

In 5.5e, the spell says:

A bright streak flashes from you to a point you choose within range and then blossoms with a low roar into a fiery explosion. Each creature in a 20-foot-radius Sphere centered on that point makes a Dexterity saving throw.

Nothing there about it spreading around corners … or around Total Cover.

The Optional Rule about hitting the cover if you miss your target is no long there, in part because a lot of objects now have AC defined for them.

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Cone Attacks!

Cones are a D&D standard, but they don’t work well with battle maps.

Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

This one is pretty straightforward, but also gets into complexities from how earlier versions of D&D have done it, and how some other systems do it, too.

Cones are not 90° angles

So that’s the main thing to remember. It was a mistake our group made in our first game, and an easy one to because that’s how some other systems do it (like 3.5e and Pathfinder). But not 5e.

When playing on a battle map (if you are doing Theater of the Mind, then just do what the GM says), here are rules for cones:

The come from one of the corners of your square. (If you are running on a hex map, then cones are one of the few things that are easier that way, and please look it up yourself.) They don’t come from the middle of the square. They come from the corner. This is true for most spellcasting in 5e (DMG 251), and missile weapons, and line of sight — though the difference does not stand out in most cases.
The width of the cone equals the range from that corner. So the first five feet (square) the cone is one square wide. At two squares away, the cone is two squares wide. At three squares (the classic 15-foot cone), the cone is three squares wide. Etc.

Or, to quote rules:

Starting point, as the rules put it (DMG 251):

Choose an intersection of squares or hexes as the point of origin or an area of effect, then follow its rules as normal. If an area of effect is circular and covers at least half a square, it affects that square.

Width, as the rules put it (PHB 204):

A cone’s width at a given point along its length is equal to that point’s distance from the point of origin.

That comes out, I am told, as a 53° angled cone, not 90°.

Which all seems simple until you try to map it out on squares, because squares suck.

If you want to be really technical, you could use (whether on a real life mat or in a VTT) an actual cone template that is X feet wide when it is X feet out, and then pick squares that have a majority of their space included in the cone. But I find it easier to just say “Pick a single square, now pick two beyond that, now pick three along the same angle beyond that,” and let the player figure it out.

(I also have some square templates that can be dragged onto the VTT map which can sometimes help. But most cones are short enough that it’s not necessary.)

So, for example …

What does that look like, practically? Here is a simple drawing, which can be rotated in 90° increments:

So a straight cone on a square grid map. The question marks indicate a choice — pick one or the other to be in the cone (arguably, based on whichever corner you are casting from). As noted, at 5 feet the effect is 5 feet across. At 10 feet, the effect is 10 feet across (two squares). At 15 feet, the effect is 15 feet across.

Here’s another:

This one’s at an angle, and is serving double duty.

The red mage is doing a cone at an angle downward (remember this can be rotated in 90° increments). At 5 feet, it’s 5 feet wide. At 10 feet it’s 10 feet. At 15 feet, it’s 15 feet wide.

(While cones emanate from a corner, they don’t necessarily target a corner.)

The yellow mage is shooting at a straight 45° angle down and right. This gets a bit more complex because of 5 foot increments and how you calculate diagonals on a square grid in D&D, but again, 1=1, 2=2,. 3=3

Player’s choice. As long as you are starting from a corner, following a line of some sort, and are X squares wide for an X square length of the spell cone, you’re golden.

If that’s still confusing … maybe go for non-cone spells. 🙂 (Though, to be honest, cubical spells have their own weirdities …)

Meanwhile, on the Virtual Table Top …

It’s worth noting that the VTT we use in our group, Roll20, has created under its rules some nice cone (and other shapes) drawing tools that you can also do for drawing purposes. You can configure them to snap to a corner (though you have to do it each time, irritatingly), to have a given arc (though there is an option you can set for making width and length equivalent, as 5e wants), and to either vanish when you let loose of the mouse button, or persist until you click elsewhere.

All well and good, but its still giving you fractions of squares. (The same is true with a template on a physical battle map). How do you count those? If the cone touches any part it gets counted in? That can significantly increase the AoE. Only include fully-covered squares? That can significantly decrease the AoE. Require a square to be at least 50% covered to be included in the cone? That’s what the rules (DMG 251) suggest. Fine, but that requires irritating adjudication and then fiddling about by the spell-caster (“If I just tweak the angle a bit, I’ll be able to get this guy, but not that guy … what if I …?”). Bah.

Note that these same questions come up with any AoE. Circles cut through (at an arc!) squares. Line spells, if they start from a corner, cut through partial squares if not orthogonal, but also touch on two rows of squares if they are.

Does 5.5e change any of this?

Nope. The text in the 5.5e (2024) DMG (p. 44) for cones says pretty much the same thing as in 5e (2014).

All of the Areas of Effect are treated similarly, except for adding in a new AoE: Emanation, which as far as I can tell, is a spherical effect that comes from character / object emanating the effect, and moves with them.

D&D 5e/5.5e Rules – Bounded Accuracy!

By keeping To Hit under control, 5e turns out very differently from earlier editions.

Part of an ongoing series of 5e (2014) Rules notes. See the end of the post for notes on 5.5e (2024) rules.

This is not a rule, actually, but a design philosophy that went into 5e, which gives it a very different flavor (and advancement path) than earlier versions. If you have no interest, you can skip it, though it does answer some questions about what sort of loot you’re likely to find in treasure hordes.

It boils down to a simple questions: Should Joe Shlub, the peasant, be able to hit Conan the Barbarian with his pocket knife?

rando vs. giant monster — Or, put a little differently …

Earlier versions would have basically said no:

Conan’s AC should be waaaaaay too high for Joe Shlub to ever hit.
So that’s what advanced most when you rose in levels and experience: your AC (by attribute and by powers, esp. magic armor), and your To Hit to counter it (again, through advancement and through +N Swords of Incredible To Hit).
So Conan has great TH numbers, but he needs them to wrassle with the fantastic AC numbers of the Ancient Red Dragons he’s being thrown against.

5th Edition answers the Joe Shlub question with a yes.

The goal is that everyone always has a chance to hit.
So we focus, in advancement and balance, on essentially the other side of the combat equation: damage and HP, the ability to deal it out and the ability to take it.
So Conan does tremendous damage when he lands a blow … but the dragon has triple-digits of HP.

In short, what most goes up in a 5e game over time is not TH and AC (though they do slowly increase), but Damage and Hit Points. As an example, by the end of the previous campaign we were playing (which brought us to the 19-20 range), we all had a buttload of HP, and the Rogue was doing like 7d6 Sneak Attack damage on top of his weapon. Accuracy and the difficulty of hitting something, instead, stayed within well-guided bounds … i.e., “Bounded Accuracy.”

Joe Shlub can hit Conan — but it’s only ever going to be a scratch. (A mob of Joe Shlubs doing a lot of scratches, aggregating damage output higher than Conan can individually, though … can be a threat, due to the Action Economy.)

WotC has managed all this by putting some mathematical limits on things. Here are some articles that explain it well (the first gets into the not-difficult math, the second into the history):

The former in particular has the basic design table that drives everything, focused on difficulty to achieve something, and keeping strict caps on it.

DC or AC	Difficulty	To Break …	Armor	To Hit …
5	Very Easy	a glass bottle		an inanimate object
10	Easy	a wooden chair	No Armor	a badger
15	Medium	a simple door	Leather Armor*	a troll
20	Hard	a small chest	Plate Armor**	a dragon***
25	Very Hard	a treasure chest		a tarrasque
30	Nearly Impossible	a masonry wall(1 ft. thick)		a deity
with shield and +2 Dex modifier with shield **Adult Red Dragon is AC 19

This is also why Advantage / Disadvantage is so powerful. It not only simplifies the unruly flocks of plusses-and-minuses that 4e (and earlier) had, it gives a massive jump (roughly +4 in effect) to hit, but temporarily.

The bottom lines:

There is always a chance you can hit something (a nat 20, if nothing else). It can probably hit you back a whoooooole lot harder, but that’s not the point. As we’ve learned by doing, even a nassssty monster, surrounded by enemies, doesn’t have a long life expectancy (thus, even nassssty monsters are going to have minions to run interference). Again, that’s because of the Action Economy.
Things that affect TH/Armor are going to be relatively rare and limited. Older systems handed out +3, +4, +5 weapons/armor like door prizes. In 5e, a +1 TH weapon is an expensive and relatively rare thing, available only in big cities. +2 is incredible, and unlikely to be found for sale anywhere. +3 is a thing of legends. You’re a lot more likely to find a sword that bursts into flames and does an extra 1d6 damage than a +1 sword.

This has been your Game Design lecture for today. We now return to your normal programming.

Does 5.5e change anything with this?

Not as far as I can tell. The design foundation of Bounded Accuracy still applies with 5.5e (2024) rules.